Background: Intra-group discussions during actual TBL sessions play a huge role in knowledge consolidation and learning but are often understudied. Aims: Using a pre-registered study framework, we examined if participation equity (H1), reciprocal interaction (H2), information density (H3), mutual understanding (H4), and emotional rapport (H5) affected how much students learn from their intra-group team-based learning discussions and how they rated their team's discussions. Sample: Participants were 165 undergraduate students assigned to 28 teams. Methods: Using linguistic, conversational, and socio-affective features extracted from recordings of Year 1 and 2 medical students engaging in team-based learning, each construct was conceptualised at the level of the group and the individual. We used linear mixed-effects models and competing models approach to establish which of our metrics best account for the observed variance in individual learning gains and perceived collaboration quality. The analysis plan was preregistered, including correction for multiple comparisons. Results: None of our individual-level or group-level metrics significantly predicted individual learning gains. One of the group-level metrics significantly predicted perceived collaboration quality: reciprocal interaction. Our exploratory analysis found that individual baseline score of the best performer in the team positively predicted individual learning gains for others in their team, regardless of other interaction metrics. Conclusion: While students perceived the highest collaboration quality when turn-taking in their team was evenly distributed, the strongest predicter of learning gains for a student was the knowledge level of their top-scoring team-mate. This finding has implications for classroom equity, group formation and activity planning.

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) equipped with camera systems have emerged as a pivotal solution for smart urban mobility. The escalating demand for AVs emphasizes the need to prioritize driving safety, especially in challenging weather conditions like heavy rain. In this context, the accurate perception of environmental features, notably lane markers, becomes imperative for effective autonomous navigation. Severe weather can lead to camera image degradation, including blur and loss of details, impacting the accuracy of subsequent image processing. Despite the prevalence of camera-based methods, sensitivity to environmental noise, such as rain streaks, poses a challenge, necessitating preprocessing mechanisms like rain removal to enhance lane detection accuracy. This chapter focuses on the development of a vision-based algorithm dedicated to detecting and tracking lane markers, coupled with an efficient rain streak removal algorithm. A progressive approach to lane detection on city roads is presented, incorporating sliding windows and Kalman filter methodologies into a model-based method. Integration of the Kalman filter has yielded a notable improvement in video processing speeds, from 1.67 to 2.72 frames/s, enhancing overall operational efficiency. Furthermore, a novel neural network structure, amalgamating convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM), is introduced for rain streak removal before performing lane marker detection. Comparative analysis against existing methods demonstrates an average 2.3% improvement in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) for rain removal and an 8% enhancement in Google Vision test results.

Deep learning-based object detectors, while offering exceptional performance, are data-dependent and can suffer from generalization issues. In this work, we investigated deep neural networks for detecting people and medical instruments for the vision-based workflow analysis system inside Catheterization Laboratories (Cath Labs). The central problem explored in this paper is the fact that the performance of the detector can degrade drastically if it is trained and tested on data from different Cath Labs. Our research aimed to investigate the underlying causes of this specific performance degradation and find solutions to mitigate this issue. We employed the YOLOv8 object detector and created datasets from clinical procedures recorded at Reinier de Graaf Hospital (RdGG) and Philips Best Campus, supplemented with publicly accessible images. Through a series of experiments complemented by data visualization, we discovered that the performance degradation primarily stems from data distribution shifts in the feature space. Notably, the object detector trained on non-sensitive online images can generalize to unseen Cath Labs, outperforming the model trained on a procedure recording from a different Cath Lab. The detector trained on the online images achieved an mAP@0.5 of 0.517 on the RdGG dataset. Furthermore, by switching to the most suitable camera for each object in the Cath Lab, the multi-camera system can further improve the detection performance significantly. An aggregated L-camera mAP@0.5 of 0.679 is achieved for single-object classes on the RdGG dataset.

Industrial assembly lines are the heartbeat of modern manufacturing, where precision and efficiency are paramount. This paper introduces a novel hybrid Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) approach to enhance monitoring and analysis in industrial assembly. By fusing the power of vision anomaly detection models with the clarity of the gradient tree boosting algorithm, this framework not only boosts defect detection accuracy but also provides transparent, actionable insights. This synergy transforms how operators and engineers interact with AI, fostering trust and enhancing operational excellence.

Post-induction hypotension (PIH) occurs shortly after anesthesia induction and is related to several post-operative complications. Medications delivered during induction and maintenance of anesthesia are significantly related to PIH occurrence, which remains common due to the intricate nature of clinical factors. To enhance decision-making on anesthestic dosing, machine learning (ML) is proposed to predict the risk of PIH associated with specific anesthetic dosages. This study focuses on the development of a prediction model for PIH to support anesthesia decision-making. Trained on 320 cases from the VitalDB database, the model incorporates demographic data, vital signs, and medication dosing information. By including the dosage of propofol administered during the induction period as an input variable, the algorithm predicts PIH risk before induction, providing valuable insights into the safety of propofol dosage plans. The results were validated using nested cross-validation, achieving high performance (precision of 0.83 and recall of 0.84). Moreover, an advisory model demonstrates the potential for personalizing a safe propofol anesthetics range for an individual patient.

A probabilistic projection of sea-level rise uses a probability distribution to represent scientific uncertainty. However, alternative probabilistic projections of sea-level rise differ markedly, revealing ambiguity, which poses a challenge to scientific assessment and decision-making. To address the challenge of ambiguity, we propose a new approach to quantify a best estimate of the scientific uncertainty associated with sea-level rise. Our proposed fusion combines the complementary strengths of the ice sheet models and expert elicitations that were used in the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Under a low-emissions scenario, the fusion's very likely range (5th–95th percentiles) of global mean sea-level rise is 0.3–1.0 m by 2100. Under a high-emissions scenario, the very likely range is 0.5–1.9 m. The 95th percentile projection of 1.9 m can inform a high-end storyline, supporting decision-making for activities with low uncertainty tolerance. By quantifying a best estimate of scientific uncertainty, the fusion caters to diverse users.

Objectives: Current techniques in brain stimulation are still largely based on a phrenologic approach that a single brain target can treat a brain disorder. Nevertheless, meta-analyses of brain implants indicate an overall success rate of 50% improvement in 50% of patients, irrespective of the brain-related disorder. Thus, there is still a large margin for improvement. The goal of this manuscript is to 1) develop a general theoretical framework of brain functioning that is amenable to surgical neuromodulation, and 2) describe the engineering requirements of the next generation of implantable brain stimulators that follow from this theoretic model. Materials and Methods: A neuroscience and engineering literature review was performed to develop a universal theoretical model of brain functioning and dysfunctioning amenable to surgical neuromodulation. Results: Even though a single target can modulate an entire network, research in network science reveals that many brain disorders are the consequence of maladaptive interactions among multiple networks rather than a single network. Consequently, targeting the main connector hubs of those multiple interacting networks involved in a brain disorder is theoretically more beneficial. We, thus, envision next-generation network implants that will rely on distributed, multisite neuromodulation targeting correlated and anticorrelated interacting brain networks, juxtaposing alternative implant configurations, and finally providing solid recommendations for the realization of such implants. In doing so, this study pinpoints the potential shortcomings of other similar efforts in the field, which somehow fall short of the requirements. Conclusion: The concept of network stimulation holds great promise as a universal approach for treating neurologic and psychiatric disorders.

With the exponential growth of video data, individuals, particularly scholars in the fields of history and sociology, are increasingly reliant on video materials. However, the task of locating specific frames within videos remains a laborious and time-consuming endeavor. Advanced machine learning-assisted video processing techniques have emerged, including text-based video searches, video summarization, real-time object detection, and person re-identification. However, distinct from these, the main challenge of retrieving video frames based on given visual content is how to efficiently and accurately pinpoint the instance occurrences. To expedite the process while maintaining retrieval performance, we propose a two-stage approach, combining KeyFrame Extraction (KFE) and Content-based Image Retrieval (CBIR), underpinned a DNN-empowered framework called MoReSo. Our innovations include 1) the integration of improved statistical features with dynamic clustering in the KFE stage and 2) the development of the MoReSo framework, which consists of MobileNet and ResNet backbones with SOA layer to jointly represent video frames, achieving 2.67x increase in efficiency compared to existing solutions. Our framework is evaluated on two datasets: the annotated EHM Historical Database provided by digital history researchers and the widely-used image retrieval benchmark datasets, the Oxford and Paris datasets. The experimental results showcase that the proposed framework and scheme excel among other models in the CBVIR task. We make our code available for further exploration through our GitHub repository. This repository contains the implementation of our model and CBVIR system with a GUI prototype.

Cardiac output (CO) is a vital hemodynamic parameter that reflects the blood volume pumped by the heart per minute. A less-invasive way to estimate CO is by analyzing arterial blood pressure (ABP) waveforms. However, the relationship between CO and blood pressure is unknown. This study uses machine learning and feature engineering techniques to discover the relationship between CO and ABP. We apply the sparse identification non-linear dynamics (SINDy) algorithm to discover features. Additionally, we investigate the optimum number of cardiac cycles required for feature extraction to achieve the best performance. The proposed approach achieves clinically acceptable performance regarding radial limits of agreement (RLOA) and bias (RBias). Further, the proposed approach is validated on an external dataset. Finally, similarities to the Navier-Stokes equations are presented.

Nowcasting leverages real-time atmospheric conditions to forecast weather over short periods. State-of-the-art models, including PySTEPS, encounter difficulties in accurately forecasting extreme weather events because of their unpredictable distribution patterns. In this study, we design a physics-informed neural network to perform precipitation nowcasting using the precipitation and meteorological data from the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). This model draws inspiration from the novel Physics-Informed Discriminator GAN (PID-GAN) formulation, directly integrating physics-based supervision within the adversarial learning framework. The proposed model adopts a GAN structure, featuring a Vector Quantization Generative Adversarial Network (VQ-GAN) and a Transformer as the generator, with a temporal discriminator serving as the discriminator. Our findings demonstrate that the PID-GAN model outperforms numerical and SOTA deep generative models in terms of precipitation nowcasting downstream metrics.

Tide–surge interaction plays a substantial role in determining the characteristics of coastal water levels over shallow regions. We study the tide–surge interaction observed at seven tide gauges along Singapore and the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, focusing on the timing of extreme non-tidal residuals relative to tidal high water. We propose a modified statistical framework using a no-tide–surge interaction (no-TSI) null distribution that accounts for asymmetry and variation in the duration of tidal cycles. We find that our modified framework can mitigate false-positive signals of tide–surge interaction in this region. We find evidence of tide–surge interaction at all seven locations, with characteristics varying smoothly along the coastline: the highest non-tidal residuals are found to occur most frequently before tidal high water in the south, both before and after tidal high water in the central region, and after tidal high water in the north. We also propose a semi-empirical model to investigate the effects of tidal-phase alteration, which is one mechanism of tide–surge interaction. Results of our semi-empirical model reveal that tidal-phase alteration caused by storm surges is substantial enough to generate significant change in the timing of extreme non-tidal residuals. To mitigate the effect of tidal-phase alteration on return level estimation, skew surge can be used. We conclude that (1) tide–surge interaction influences coastal water levels in this region, (2) our semi-empirical model provides insight into the mechanism of tidal-phase alteration, and (3) our no-TSI distribution should be used for similar studies globally.

This workshop aims to explore the potential of large generative models to revolutionize how we interact with multimodal information. A Large Language Model (LLM) represents a sophisticated form of artificial intelligence engineered to comprehend and produce natural language text, exemplified by technologies such as GPT, LLaMA, Flan-T5, ChatGLM, Qwen, etc. These models undergo training on extensive text datasets, exhibiting commendable attributes including robust language generation, zero-shot transfer capabilities, and In-Context Learning (ICL). With the surge in multimodal content-encompassing images, videos, audio, and 3D models-over the recent period, Large MultiModal Models (LMMs) have seen significant enhancements. These improvements enable the augmentation of conventional LLMs to accommodate multimodal inputs or outputs, as seen in BLIP, Flamingo, KOSMOS, LLaVA, Gemini, GPT-4, etc. Concurrently, certain research initiatives have developed specific modalities, with Kosmos2 and MiniGPT-5 focusing on image generation, and SpeechGPT on speech production. There are also endeavors to integrate LLMs with external tools to achieve a near "any-to-any" multimodal comprehension and generation capacity, illustrated by projects like Visual-ChatGPT, ViperGPT, MMREACT, HuggingGPT, and AudioGPT. Collectively,these models, spanning not only text and image generation but also other modalities, are referred to as large generative models. This workshop will allow researchers, practitioners, and industry professionals to explore the latest trends and best practices in the multimodal applications of large generative models.

Automotive perception involves understanding the external driving environment and the internal state of the vehicle cabin and occupants using sensor data. It is critical to achieving high levels of safety and autonomy in driving. This article provides an overview of different sensor modalities, such as cameras, radars, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) used commonly for perception, along with the associated data processing techniques. Critical aspects of perception are considered, such as architectures for processing data from single or multiple sensor modalities, sensor data processing algorithms and the role of machine learning techniques, methodologies for validating the performance of perception systems, and safety. The technical challenges for each aspect are analyzed, emphasizing machine learning approaches, given their potential impact on improving perception. Finally, future research opportunities in automotive perception for their wider deployment are outlined.

In this paper, we aim to design an automatic camera pose estimation pipeline for clinical spaces such as catheterization laboratories. Our proposed pipeline exploits Scaled-YOLOv4 to detect fixed objects. We adopt the self-supervised key-point detector SuperPoint in combination with SuperGlue, a keypoint matching technique based on graph neural networks. Thus, we match key-points on input images with annotated reference points. Reference points are chosen on fixed objects in the scene, such as corners of door posts or windows. The point-correspondences between the image coordinates and the 3D coordinates are applied to the Perspective-n-Point algorithm to estimate the pose of each camera. Compared with other camera pose estimation methods, the proposed pipeline does not require the construction of 3D point-cloud model of the scene or placing a polyhedron object in the scene before each required calibration. Using videos from real procedures, we show that the pipeline can estimate the camera pose with high accuracy.

We propose a manager-worker framework (the implementation of our model is publically available at: https://github.com/zcaicaros/manager-worker-mtsptwr) based on deep reinforcement learning to tackle a hard yet nontrivial variant of Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), i.e. multiple-vehicle TSP with time window and rejections (mTSPTWR), where customers who cannot be served before the deadline are subject to rejections. Particularly, in the proposed framework, a manager agent learns to divide mTSPTWR into sub-routing tasks by assigning customers to each vehicle via a Graph Isomorphism Network (GIN) based policy network. A worker agent learns to solve sub-routing tasks by minimizing the cost in terms of both tour length and rejection rate for each vehicle, the maximum of which is then fed back to the manager agent to learn better assignments. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms strong baselines in terms of higher solution quality and shorter computation time. More importantly, the trained agents also achieve competitive performance for solving unseen larger instances.

Language development experts need tools that can automatically identify languages from fluent, conversational speech and provide reliable estimates of usage rates at the level of an individual recording. However, LID systems are typically evaluated on metrics such as equal error rate and balanced accuracy, applied at the level of an entire speech corpus. These overview metrics do not provide information about model performance at the level of individual speakers, recordings, or units of speech with different linguistic characteristics. Overview statistics may mask systematic errors in model performance for some subsets of the data, and consequently, have worse performance on data derived from some subsets of human speakers, creating a kind of algorithmic bias. Here, we investigate how well a number of LID systems perform on individual recordings and speech units with different linguistic properties in the MERLIon CCS Challenge featuring accented code-switched child-directed speech.

In the last decade, the signal processing (SP) community has witnessed a paradigm shift from model-based to data-driven methods. Machine learning (ML) - more specifically, deep learning - methodologies are nowadays widely used in all SP fields, e.g., audio, speech, image, video, multimedia, and multimodal/multisensor processing, to name a few. Many data-driven methods also incorporate domain knowledge to improve problem modeling, especially when computational burden, training data scarceness, and memory size are important constraints.

Nowcasting is an observation-based method that uses the current state of the atmosphere to forecast future weather conditions over several hours. Recent studies have shown the promising potential of using deep learning models for precipitation nowcasting. In this paper, novel deep generative models are proposed for precipitation nowcasting. These models are equipped with extreme-value losses to more reliably predict extreme precipitation events. The proposed deep generative model contains a Vector Quantization Generative Adversarial Network and a Transformer ("VQGAN + Transformer"). For enhanced modeling and forecasting of extreme events, Extreme Value Loss (EVL) is incorporated in the autore-gressive Transformer. The numerical results show that the proposed model achieves comparable performance with the state-of-the-art conventional nowcasting method PySTEPS for predicting nominal values. By incorporating an EVL, the proposed model yields more accurate nowcasting of extreme precipitation.