Daniel Hall
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1
The European Union has introduced Digital Product Passport as a structured digital record that accompanies a product throughout its lifecycle. In construction, a passport is expected to hold not only static product data but also the process data generated during construction, such as the environmental conditions recorded on site. This construction process data is increasingly captured by sensor within the Digital Twin system. However, the data remains within sensor database and it is not structured in a form that can be integration into a Digital Product Passport. Capturing this data manually across different installed product in a construction site is not practical. An automated mechanism is therefore needed to integrate construction process data into the Digital Product Passport.
This theses addresses this problem through an ontology-based approach. The literature review on existing ontologies found that a suitable ontology already exists for each of the three domains involved. The DPP ontology network (DPPO) represents the passport, the Agents in Construction (AiC) ontology represents the construction process, and Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator (SOSA) ontology represents the sensor observations. What was missing in these ontologies are the connection between them. No existing ontology links a sensor observation to the construction task that produced the conditions and link it to the product passport.
The thesis develops this connection by reusing the three ontologies, adding four bridging object properties, and create one class for the summarized environmental conditions. An observation is attributed to a product on the basis of both zone and time interval. Both of these conditions allows each observation to be attributed to the correct product even when several tasks was carried out at the same time or in the same place. An automated pipeline was then developed to apply this ontology. The pipeline reads sensor readings and construction task from two different sources, matches each observation to a task, aggregates the matched readings, and produces a Digital Product Passport.
The ontology and the pipeline were evaluated through a computational checks, LEGO-based construction simulation, and real construction site dataset. The ontology was found to be logically consistent and able to answer all ten competency questions. The pipeline produced accurate, consistent, and complete passport in both the controlled experiment and the real dataset. The findings show that construction process data captured on site can be structured by an ontology and integrated in a Digital Product Passport automatically. ...
This theses addresses this problem through an ontology-based approach. The literature review on existing ontologies found that a suitable ontology already exists for each of the three domains involved. The DPP ontology network (DPPO) represents the passport, the Agents in Construction (AiC) ontology represents the construction process, and Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator (SOSA) ontology represents the sensor observations. What was missing in these ontologies are the connection between them. No existing ontology links a sensor observation to the construction task that produced the conditions and link it to the product passport.
The thesis develops this connection by reusing the three ontologies, adding four bridging object properties, and create one class for the summarized environmental conditions. An observation is attributed to a product on the basis of both zone and time interval. Both of these conditions allows each observation to be attributed to the correct product even when several tasks was carried out at the same time or in the same place. An automated pipeline was then developed to apply this ontology. The pipeline reads sensor readings and construction task from two different sources, matches each observation to a task, aggregates the matched readings, and produces a Digital Product Passport.
The ontology and the pipeline were evaluated through a computational checks, LEGO-based construction simulation, and real construction site dataset. The ontology was found to be logically consistent and able to answer all ten competency questions. The pipeline produced accurate, consistent, and complete passport in both the controlled experiment and the real dataset. The findings show that construction process data captured on site can be structured by an ontology and integrated in a Digital Product Passport automatically. ...
The European Union has introduced Digital Product Passport as a structured digital record that accompanies a product throughout its lifecycle. In construction, a passport is expected to hold not only static product data but also the process data generated during construction, such as the environmental conditions recorded on site. This construction process data is increasingly captured by sensor within the Digital Twin system. However, the data remains within sensor database and it is not structured in a form that can be integration into a Digital Product Passport. Capturing this data manually across different installed product in a construction site is not practical. An automated mechanism is therefore needed to integrate construction process data into the Digital Product Passport.
This theses addresses this problem through an ontology-based approach. The literature review on existing ontologies found that a suitable ontology already exists for each of the three domains involved. The DPP ontology network (DPPO) represents the passport, the Agents in Construction (AiC) ontology represents the construction process, and Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator (SOSA) ontology represents the sensor observations. What was missing in these ontologies are the connection between them. No existing ontology links a sensor observation to the construction task that produced the conditions and link it to the product passport.
The thesis develops this connection by reusing the three ontologies, adding four bridging object properties, and create one class for the summarized environmental conditions. An observation is attributed to a product on the basis of both zone and time interval. Both of these conditions allows each observation to be attributed to the correct product even when several tasks was carried out at the same time or in the same place. An automated pipeline was then developed to apply this ontology. The pipeline reads sensor readings and construction task from two different sources, matches each observation to a task, aggregates the matched readings, and produces a Digital Product Passport.
The ontology and the pipeline were evaluated through a computational checks, LEGO-based construction simulation, and real construction site dataset. The ontology was found to be logically consistent and able to answer all ten competency questions. The pipeline produced accurate, consistent, and complete passport in both the controlled experiment and the real dataset. The findings show that construction process data captured on site can be structured by an ontology and integrated in a Digital Product Passport automatically.
This theses addresses this problem through an ontology-based approach. The literature review on existing ontologies found that a suitable ontology already exists for each of the three domains involved. The DPP ontology network (DPPO) represents the passport, the Agents in Construction (AiC) ontology represents the construction process, and Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator (SOSA) ontology represents the sensor observations. What was missing in these ontologies are the connection between them. No existing ontology links a sensor observation to the construction task that produced the conditions and link it to the product passport.
The thesis develops this connection by reusing the three ontologies, adding four bridging object properties, and create one class for the summarized environmental conditions. An observation is attributed to a product on the basis of both zone and time interval. Both of these conditions allows each observation to be attributed to the correct product even when several tasks was carried out at the same time or in the same place. An automated pipeline was then developed to apply this ontology. The pipeline reads sensor readings and construction task from two different sources, matches each observation to a task, aggregates the matched readings, and produces a Digital Product Passport.
The ontology and the pipeline were evaluated through a computational checks, LEGO-based construction simulation, and real construction site dataset. The ontology was found to be logically consistent and able to answer all ten competency questions. The pipeline produced accurate, consistent, and complete passport in both the controlled experiment and the real dataset. The findings show that construction process data captured on site can be structured by an ontology and integrated in a Digital Product Passport automatically.
Improving Cost Predictability in Dutch Construction Projects
The Role of Cost Structuring, Traceability, and Project Learning
Cost overruns and cost deviations remain a persistent challenge in Dutch construction and infrastructure projects. While such deviations are usually visible in financial reporting once they occur during execution, their underlying causes are often not systematically traceable. This limits the ability of project organisations to learn from cost deviations and to improve the cost predictability of future projects. This thesis addresses this problem through the main research question: "How can cost predictability be improved in Dutch construction projects?"
The research starts from the premise that cost predictability depends not only on more accurate estimating or forecasting, but also on how cost information is structured, transferred, and used throughout the project. As cost information is repeatedly restructured between tendering, work budgeting, execution, reporting, and evaluation, the original assumptions behind it can become difficult to recognise or lost altogether; leaving deviations financially visible but no longer causally traceable.
The study was conducted in three phases. First, a literature review examined the relationship between cost structuring, cost traceability, project learning, and cost predictability, establishing that cost traceability is a necessary condition for double-loop learning: organisations can only learn structurally from deviations if they understand not just that a deviation occurred, but why. Five structuring approaches, Work Breakdown Structure, Critical Path Method, Earned Value Management, Last Planner System, and Advanced Work Packaging, were analysed for their respective contributions to structuring scope, time, cost, progress, and execution readiness.
Second, the research empirically investigated current practice within Dura Vermeer through organisational interviews and three project cases: Highway A16 De Groene Boog Rotterdam, Dike Reinforcement Tiel-Waardenburg, and Substation Vierverlaten. The cross-case analysis found that the limitation is not a lack of cost information but a lack of structural continuity between them. Cost structures change as projects move through phases, weakening the link between original assumptions, execution conditions, and final outcomes. Indirect costs proved especially difficult to trace, and cost and physical progress were often insufficiently integrated.
Based on these findings, a Construction Project Cost Traceability Framework was developed, using the Construction Work Package as a stable linking unit connecting tender assumptions, work budgets, physical progress, deviations, change mechanisms, indirect cost drivers, and learning outputs. Rather than prescribing full implementation of any single method, the framework combines selected principles: Advanced Work Packaging provides the lifecycle-oriented package structure, Last Planner System supports execution readiness and feedback, and Earned Value Management supports cost-progress measurement at package level.
The framework was validated through expert interviews with experienced Dura Vermeer practitioners, who confirmed the problem diagnosis and considered the framework feasible under conditions such as disciplined cost-data input, aligned systems across phases, clear ownership of cross-project learning, and incremental, change-management-supported introduction.
The main conclusion is that cost predictability in Dutch infrastructure projects can be improved by strengthening causal cost traceability across project phases, keeping cost information connected to the assumptions, scope elements, and decisions from which deviations originate, enabling both better in-project explanation and more systematic organisational learning. ...
The research starts from the premise that cost predictability depends not only on more accurate estimating or forecasting, but also on how cost information is structured, transferred, and used throughout the project. As cost information is repeatedly restructured between tendering, work budgeting, execution, reporting, and evaluation, the original assumptions behind it can become difficult to recognise or lost altogether; leaving deviations financially visible but no longer causally traceable.
The study was conducted in three phases. First, a literature review examined the relationship between cost structuring, cost traceability, project learning, and cost predictability, establishing that cost traceability is a necessary condition for double-loop learning: organisations can only learn structurally from deviations if they understand not just that a deviation occurred, but why. Five structuring approaches, Work Breakdown Structure, Critical Path Method, Earned Value Management, Last Planner System, and Advanced Work Packaging, were analysed for their respective contributions to structuring scope, time, cost, progress, and execution readiness.
Second, the research empirically investigated current practice within Dura Vermeer through organisational interviews and three project cases: Highway A16 De Groene Boog Rotterdam, Dike Reinforcement Tiel-Waardenburg, and Substation Vierverlaten. The cross-case analysis found that the limitation is not a lack of cost information but a lack of structural continuity between them. Cost structures change as projects move through phases, weakening the link between original assumptions, execution conditions, and final outcomes. Indirect costs proved especially difficult to trace, and cost and physical progress were often insufficiently integrated.
Based on these findings, a Construction Project Cost Traceability Framework was developed, using the Construction Work Package as a stable linking unit connecting tender assumptions, work budgets, physical progress, deviations, change mechanisms, indirect cost drivers, and learning outputs. Rather than prescribing full implementation of any single method, the framework combines selected principles: Advanced Work Packaging provides the lifecycle-oriented package structure, Last Planner System supports execution readiness and feedback, and Earned Value Management supports cost-progress measurement at package level.
The framework was validated through expert interviews with experienced Dura Vermeer practitioners, who confirmed the problem diagnosis and considered the framework feasible under conditions such as disciplined cost-data input, aligned systems across phases, clear ownership of cross-project learning, and incremental, change-management-supported introduction.
The main conclusion is that cost predictability in Dutch infrastructure projects can be improved by strengthening causal cost traceability across project phases, keeping cost information connected to the assumptions, scope elements, and decisions from which deviations originate, enabling both better in-project explanation and more systematic organisational learning. ...
Cost overruns and cost deviations remain a persistent challenge in Dutch construction and infrastructure projects. While such deviations are usually visible in financial reporting once they occur during execution, their underlying causes are often not systematically traceable. This limits the ability of project organisations to learn from cost deviations and to improve the cost predictability of future projects. This thesis addresses this problem through the main research question: "How can cost predictability be improved in Dutch construction projects?"
The research starts from the premise that cost predictability depends not only on more accurate estimating or forecasting, but also on how cost information is structured, transferred, and used throughout the project. As cost information is repeatedly restructured between tendering, work budgeting, execution, reporting, and evaluation, the original assumptions behind it can become difficult to recognise or lost altogether; leaving deviations financially visible but no longer causally traceable.
The study was conducted in three phases. First, a literature review examined the relationship between cost structuring, cost traceability, project learning, and cost predictability, establishing that cost traceability is a necessary condition for double-loop learning: organisations can only learn structurally from deviations if they understand not just that a deviation occurred, but why. Five structuring approaches, Work Breakdown Structure, Critical Path Method, Earned Value Management, Last Planner System, and Advanced Work Packaging, were analysed for their respective contributions to structuring scope, time, cost, progress, and execution readiness.
Second, the research empirically investigated current practice within Dura Vermeer through organisational interviews and three project cases: Highway A16 De Groene Boog Rotterdam, Dike Reinforcement Tiel-Waardenburg, and Substation Vierverlaten. The cross-case analysis found that the limitation is not a lack of cost information but a lack of structural continuity between them. Cost structures change as projects move through phases, weakening the link between original assumptions, execution conditions, and final outcomes. Indirect costs proved especially difficult to trace, and cost and physical progress were often insufficiently integrated.
Based on these findings, a Construction Project Cost Traceability Framework was developed, using the Construction Work Package as a stable linking unit connecting tender assumptions, work budgets, physical progress, deviations, change mechanisms, indirect cost drivers, and learning outputs. Rather than prescribing full implementation of any single method, the framework combines selected principles: Advanced Work Packaging provides the lifecycle-oriented package structure, Last Planner System supports execution readiness and feedback, and Earned Value Management supports cost-progress measurement at package level.
The framework was validated through expert interviews with experienced Dura Vermeer practitioners, who confirmed the problem diagnosis and considered the framework feasible under conditions such as disciplined cost-data input, aligned systems across phases, clear ownership of cross-project learning, and incremental, change-management-supported introduction.
The main conclusion is that cost predictability in Dutch infrastructure projects can be improved by strengthening causal cost traceability across project phases, keeping cost information connected to the assumptions, scope elements, and decisions from which deviations originate, enabling both better in-project explanation and more systematic organisational learning.
The research starts from the premise that cost predictability depends not only on more accurate estimating or forecasting, but also on how cost information is structured, transferred, and used throughout the project. As cost information is repeatedly restructured between tendering, work budgeting, execution, reporting, and evaluation, the original assumptions behind it can become difficult to recognise or lost altogether; leaving deviations financially visible but no longer causally traceable.
The study was conducted in three phases. First, a literature review examined the relationship between cost structuring, cost traceability, project learning, and cost predictability, establishing that cost traceability is a necessary condition for double-loop learning: organisations can only learn structurally from deviations if they understand not just that a deviation occurred, but why. Five structuring approaches, Work Breakdown Structure, Critical Path Method, Earned Value Management, Last Planner System, and Advanced Work Packaging, were analysed for their respective contributions to structuring scope, time, cost, progress, and execution readiness.
Second, the research empirically investigated current practice within Dura Vermeer through organisational interviews and three project cases: Highway A16 De Groene Boog Rotterdam, Dike Reinforcement Tiel-Waardenburg, and Substation Vierverlaten. The cross-case analysis found that the limitation is not a lack of cost information but a lack of structural continuity between them. Cost structures change as projects move through phases, weakening the link between original assumptions, execution conditions, and final outcomes. Indirect costs proved especially difficult to trace, and cost and physical progress were often insufficiently integrated.
Based on these findings, a Construction Project Cost Traceability Framework was developed, using the Construction Work Package as a stable linking unit connecting tender assumptions, work budgets, physical progress, deviations, change mechanisms, indirect cost drivers, and learning outputs. Rather than prescribing full implementation of any single method, the framework combines selected principles: Advanced Work Packaging provides the lifecycle-oriented package structure, Last Planner System supports execution readiness and feedback, and Earned Value Management supports cost-progress measurement at package level.
The framework was validated through expert interviews with experienced Dura Vermeer practitioners, who confirmed the problem diagnosis and considered the framework feasible under conditions such as disciplined cost-data input, aligned systems across phases, clear ownership of cross-project learning, and incremental, change-management-supported introduction.
The main conclusion is that cost predictability in Dutch infrastructure projects can be improved by strengthening causal cost traceability across project phases, keeping cost information connected to the assumptions, scope elements, and decisions from which deviations originate, enabling both better in-project explanation and more systematic organisational learning.
Regenerative Agroforestry, From Basin to Farm
A multi-scalar research-by-design exploration of regenerative agroforestry for resilient farmer livelihoods and landscape restoration in the Tiva River Basin, Kenya
The Tiva River Basin in Kenya faces increasing challenges related to land degradation, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and declining agricultural productivity. As more than 90% of agricultural land depends on rainfed farming, these environmental pressures directly affect farmer livelihoods and food security. While various restoration initiatives are active within the region, opportunities to connect long-term farmer livelihoods, ecological restoration and biodiversity enhancement through a broader landscape framework remain limited.
This research investigates how regenerative agroforestry can support farmers in the Tiva River Basin while contributing to land restoration and biodiversity recovery. Using a Research through Design approach, the study combines literature review, spatial analysis, field observations, precedent studies and design exploration across multiple scales. Basin-scale socio-ecological processes were analysed and translated into landscape-scale strategies, farm-scale designs and detailed crop-tree configurations. The research resulted in a multi-scale agroforestry framework and a detailed design proposal for a representative farm within the basin. The proposed framework integrates productive and ecological functions through context-specific species selection, spatial planting strategies, riparian restoration and diversified agroforestry systems. The design prioritises farmer livelihoods through productive tree-crop combinations while simultaneously addressing soil degradation, erosion and habitat loss.
The findings suggest that regenerative agroforestry can function as a connecting framework between agricultural production and ecological restoration. By placing farmer livelihoods at the centre of the design process, opportunities emerge to strengthen livelihood security while supporting land restoration and biodiversity enhancement. Although the proposed interventions remain untested, the research demonstrates the potential of regenerative agroforestry as a landscape strategy for creating more resilient socio-ecological systems within the Tiva River Basin and other dryland regions facing similar challenges. ...
This research investigates how regenerative agroforestry can support farmers in the Tiva River Basin while contributing to land restoration and biodiversity recovery. Using a Research through Design approach, the study combines literature review, spatial analysis, field observations, precedent studies and design exploration across multiple scales. Basin-scale socio-ecological processes were analysed and translated into landscape-scale strategies, farm-scale designs and detailed crop-tree configurations. The research resulted in a multi-scale agroforestry framework and a detailed design proposal for a representative farm within the basin. The proposed framework integrates productive and ecological functions through context-specific species selection, spatial planting strategies, riparian restoration and diversified agroforestry systems. The design prioritises farmer livelihoods through productive tree-crop combinations while simultaneously addressing soil degradation, erosion and habitat loss.
The findings suggest that regenerative agroforestry can function as a connecting framework between agricultural production and ecological restoration. By placing farmer livelihoods at the centre of the design process, opportunities emerge to strengthen livelihood security while supporting land restoration and biodiversity enhancement. Although the proposed interventions remain untested, the research demonstrates the potential of regenerative agroforestry as a landscape strategy for creating more resilient socio-ecological systems within the Tiva River Basin and other dryland regions facing similar challenges. ...
The Tiva River Basin in Kenya faces increasing challenges related to land degradation, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and declining agricultural productivity. As more than 90% of agricultural land depends on rainfed farming, these environmental pressures directly affect farmer livelihoods and food security. While various restoration initiatives are active within the region, opportunities to connect long-term farmer livelihoods, ecological restoration and biodiversity enhancement through a broader landscape framework remain limited.
This research investigates how regenerative agroforestry can support farmers in the Tiva River Basin while contributing to land restoration and biodiversity recovery. Using a Research through Design approach, the study combines literature review, spatial analysis, field observations, precedent studies and design exploration across multiple scales. Basin-scale socio-ecological processes were analysed and translated into landscape-scale strategies, farm-scale designs and detailed crop-tree configurations. The research resulted in a multi-scale agroforestry framework and a detailed design proposal for a representative farm within the basin. The proposed framework integrates productive and ecological functions through context-specific species selection, spatial planting strategies, riparian restoration and diversified agroforestry systems. The design prioritises farmer livelihoods through productive tree-crop combinations while simultaneously addressing soil degradation, erosion and habitat loss.
The findings suggest that regenerative agroforestry can function as a connecting framework between agricultural production and ecological restoration. By placing farmer livelihoods at the centre of the design process, opportunities emerge to strengthen livelihood security while supporting land restoration and biodiversity enhancement. Although the proposed interventions remain untested, the research demonstrates the potential of regenerative agroforestry as a landscape strategy for creating more resilient socio-ecological systems within the Tiva River Basin and other dryland regions facing similar challenges.
This research investigates how regenerative agroforestry can support farmers in the Tiva River Basin while contributing to land restoration and biodiversity recovery. Using a Research through Design approach, the study combines literature review, spatial analysis, field observations, precedent studies and design exploration across multiple scales. Basin-scale socio-ecological processes were analysed and translated into landscape-scale strategies, farm-scale designs and detailed crop-tree configurations. The research resulted in a multi-scale agroforestry framework and a detailed design proposal for a representative farm within the basin. The proposed framework integrates productive and ecological functions through context-specific species selection, spatial planting strategies, riparian restoration and diversified agroforestry systems. The design prioritises farmer livelihoods through productive tree-crop combinations while simultaneously addressing soil degradation, erosion and habitat loss.
The findings suggest that regenerative agroforestry can function as a connecting framework between agricultural production and ecological restoration. By placing farmer livelihoods at the centre of the design process, opportunities emerge to strengthen livelihood security while supporting land restoration and biodiversity enhancement. Although the proposed interventions remain untested, the research demonstrates the potential of regenerative agroforestry as a landscape strategy for creating more resilient socio-ecological systems within the Tiva River Basin and other dryland regions facing similar challenges.
This thesis examines how multi-agent systems based on large language models can close persistent design feedback gaps in Target Value Design within Integrated Project Delivery. In current practice, estimates arrive after key choices, non-cost value is rarely tracked, and critical data remains siloed. These conditions push teams toward reactive budgeting rather than value-oriented design. Employing a Design Science Research approach embedded in Stanford University’s AEC Global Teamwork project as a case study, the work develops and evaluates an Agentic Target Value Design workflow that tightens loops between quantities, costs, and value targets while keeping processes transparent across disciplines.
The system, built on the open-source AG2 framework, organizes GPT-4.1 agents in a planner, manager, and worker hierarchy that coordinates Python tools for model-based quantity takeoff, cost estimation, and TVD checks over IFC, CSV, and XLSX inputs. A retrieval-augmented generation subsystem links to a PDF cost repository. Agents share context through controlled handovers and restricted tool calls, and a nested chat agent stores iteration summaries in a vector database for natural language querying.
In a workshop with seven AEC Global Teamwork participants (architects, engineers, life cycle financial managers, and construction managers), users reported shorter wait times for design feedback, greater transparency into estimation steps, and improved grasp of cost and value trade-offs during design. The conversational interface supported distributed collaboration and encouraged more frequent TVD iterations while preserving trust. Limitations include a small number of design cycles and information loss for some IFC elements. Future work should broaden testing and integrate life cycle assessment and
richer knowledge structures such as GraphRAG and knowledge graphs. Overall, the study shows that Agentic Target Value Design can shift TVD from delayed cost control to an interactive, value-oriented dialogue, advancing both IPD practice and agentic AI in AEC. ...
The system, built on the open-source AG2 framework, organizes GPT-4.1 agents in a planner, manager, and worker hierarchy that coordinates Python tools for model-based quantity takeoff, cost estimation, and TVD checks over IFC, CSV, and XLSX inputs. A retrieval-augmented generation subsystem links to a PDF cost repository. Agents share context through controlled handovers and restricted tool calls, and a nested chat agent stores iteration summaries in a vector database for natural language querying.
In a workshop with seven AEC Global Teamwork participants (architects, engineers, life cycle financial managers, and construction managers), users reported shorter wait times for design feedback, greater transparency into estimation steps, and improved grasp of cost and value trade-offs during design. The conversational interface supported distributed collaboration and encouraged more frequent TVD iterations while preserving trust. Limitations include a small number of design cycles and information loss for some IFC elements. Future work should broaden testing and integrate life cycle assessment and
richer knowledge structures such as GraphRAG and knowledge graphs. Overall, the study shows that Agentic Target Value Design can shift TVD from delayed cost control to an interactive, value-oriented dialogue, advancing both IPD practice and agentic AI in AEC. ...
This thesis examines how multi-agent systems based on large language models can close persistent design feedback gaps in Target Value Design within Integrated Project Delivery. In current practice, estimates arrive after key choices, non-cost value is rarely tracked, and critical data remains siloed. These conditions push teams toward reactive budgeting rather than value-oriented design. Employing a Design Science Research approach embedded in Stanford University’s AEC Global Teamwork project as a case study, the work develops and evaluates an Agentic Target Value Design workflow that tightens loops between quantities, costs, and value targets while keeping processes transparent across disciplines.
The system, built on the open-source AG2 framework, organizes GPT-4.1 agents in a planner, manager, and worker hierarchy that coordinates Python tools for model-based quantity takeoff, cost estimation, and TVD checks over IFC, CSV, and XLSX inputs. A retrieval-augmented generation subsystem links to a PDF cost repository. Agents share context through controlled handovers and restricted tool calls, and a nested chat agent stores iteration summaries in a vector database for natural language querying.
In a workshop with seven AEC Global Teamwork participants (architects, engineers, life cycle financial managers, and construction managers), users reported shorter wait times for design feedback, greater transparency into estimation steps, and improved grasp of cost and value trade-offs during design. The conversational interface supported distributed collaboration and encouraged more frequent TVD iterations while preserving trust. Limitations include a small number of design cycles and information loss for some IFC elements. Future work should broaden testing and integrate life cycle assessment and
richer knowledge structures such as GraphRAG and knowledge graphs. Overall, the study shows that Agentic Target Value Design can shift TVD from delayed cost control to an interactive, value-oriented dialogue, advancing both IPD practice and agentic AI in AEC.
The system, built on the open-source AG2 framework, organizes GPT-4.1 agents in a planner, manager, and worker hierarchy that coordinates Python tools for model-based quantity takeoff, cost estimation, and TVD checks over IFC, CSV, and XLSX inputs. A retrieval-augmented generation subsystem links to a PDF cost repository. Agents share context through controlled handovers and restricted tool calls, and a nested chat agent stores iteration summaries in a vector database for natural language querying.
In a workshop with seven AEC Global Teamwork participants (architects, engineers, life cycle financial managers, and construction managers), users reported shorter wait times for design feedback, greater transparency into estimation steps, and improved grasp of cost and value trade-offs during design. The conversational interface supported distributed collaboration and encouraged more frequent TVD iterations while preserving trust. Limitations include a small number of design cycles and information loss for some IFC elements. Future work should broaden testing and integrate life cycle assessment and
richer knowledge structures such as GraphRAG and knowledge graphs. Overall, the study shows that Agentic Target Value Design can shift TVD from delayed cost control to an interactive, value-oriented dialogue, advancing both IPD practice and agentic AI in AEC.
This research investigates the persistent problem of payment delays in the construction industry by focusing on the behavioral and relational dynamics that underlie financial disputes. While traditional solutions have largely emphasized procedural or contractual fixes, this study adopts a grounded, qualitative approach to understand the root causes of payment unreliability. Through interviews with industry professionals and a rigorous coding process, the study identifies key triggering and influencing factors contributing to payment breakdowns. The result is a behavioral framework comprising six practical interventions designed to enhance trust, balance power, foster empathy, and ultimately improve payment reliability. The framework is adaptable across diverse project contexts and aims to shift the focus from isolated remedies to a more integrated, human-centered approach to managing construction payments.
...
This research investigates the persistent problem of payment delays in the construction industry by focusing on the behavioral and relational dynamics that underlie financial disputes. While traditional solutions have largely emphasized procedural or contractual fixes, this study adopts a grounded, qualitative approach to understand the root causes of payment unreliability. Through interviews with industry professionals and a rigorous coding process, the study identifies key triggering and influencing factors contributing to payment breakdowns. The result is a behavioral framework comprising six practical interventions designed to enhance trust, balance power, foster empathy, and ultimately improve payment reliability. The framework is adaptable across diverse project contexts and aims to shift the focus from isolated remedies to a more integrated, human-centered approach to managing construction payments.
Recycling of bio composite façade panels
Exploring the possibilities of recycling bio composites into filler for a new bio composite façade product
Bio composites façade panels are an example of circular building products. Using circular products not only decreases embodied carbon, it also contributes not to exhaust natural resources (by recycling them). However if such a building product is a their end of life, they end up as waste (landfill) or are being incinerated, the embodied carbon is released again.
To find an better solution for their end of life, recycling of these bio composite façade panels is researched by recycling the material into filler for a new bio composite façade application that meet the requirements. The main research question focuses on:
“How can bio composite façade panels at their end of life be recycled into new bio composite façade panels while maintaining or increasing their high performance properties and freedom of design?”
In this research this was tested through experimental testing where different recycled fillers were compared to the virgin almond shell filler. The different fillers were tested on mechanical, durability and functional properties that are vital to façade applications.
The results of the experimental testing showed that the recycled filler samples have potential as façade applicants. The mechanical strength is lower compared to the virgin filler sample, but the durability properties are higher. In terms of workability, the higher the filler load the more workable the samples are. In the visual 3D panel testing it became clear that the recycled filler samples have a less smooth finished surface. As a façade panel it is important to withstand wind loads, weathering, impacts and be aesthetically pleasing.
Recycling bio composite façade panels can be realized. Some properties are lower compared to the original product, but with the right adjustments they can be used in a façade applicant. A more functional application such as a corner panel would be more suitable for this material given the visual appearance of the surface.
This research shows promising results, but more research needs to be done on the usage of recycled bio composites in façade panels. ...
To find an better solution for their end of life, recycling of these bio composite façade panels is researched by recycling the material into filler for a new bio composite façade application that meet the requirements. The main research question focuses on:
“How can bio composite façade panels at their end of life be recycled into new bio composite façade panels while maintaining or increasing their high performance properties and freedom of design?”
In this research this was tested through experimental testing where different recycled fillers were compared to the virgin almond shell filler. The different fillers were tested on mechanical, durability and functional properties that are vital to façade applications.
The results of the experimental testing showed that the recycled filler samples have potential as façade applicants. The mechanical strength is lower compared to the virgin filler sample, but the durability properties are higher. In terms of workability, the higher the filler load the more workable the samples are. In the visual 3D panel testing it became clear that the recycled filler samples have a less smooth finished surface. As a façade panel it is important to withstand wind loads, weathering, impacts and be aesthetically pleasing.
Recycling bio composite façade panels can be realized. Some properties are lower compared to the original product, but with the right adjustments they can be used in a façade applicant. A more functional application such as a corner panel would be more suitable for this material given the visual appearance of the surface.
This research shows promising results, but more research needs to be done on the usage of recycled bio composites in façade panels. ...
Bio composites façade panels are an example of circular building products. Using circular products not only decreases embodied carbon, it also contributes not to exhaust natural resources (by recycling them). However if such a building product is a their end of life, they end up as waste (landfill) or are being incinerated, the embodied carbon is released again.
To find an better solution for their end of life, recycling of these bio composite façade panels is researched by recycling the material into filler for a new bio composite façade application that meet the requirements. The main research question focuses on:
“How can bio composite façade panels at their end of life be recycled into new bio composite façade panels while maintaining or increasing their high performance properties and freedom of design?”
In this research this was tested through experimental testing where different recycled fillers were compared to the virgin almond shell filler. The different fillers were tested on mechanical, durability and functional properties that are vital to façade applications.
The results of the experimental testing showed that the recycled filler samples have potential as façade applicants. The mechanical strength is lower compared to the virgin filler sample, but the durability properties are higher. In terms of workability, the higher the filler load the more workable the samples are. In the visual 3D panel testing it became clear that the recycled filler samples have a less smooth finished surface. As a façade panel it is important to withstand wind loads, weathering, impacts and be aesthetically pleasing.
Recycling bio composite façade panels can be realized. Some properties are lower compared to the original product, but with the right adjustments they can be used in a façade applicant. A more functional application such as a corner panel would be more suitable for this material given the visual appearance of the surface.
This research shows promising results, but more research needs to be done on the usage of recycled bio composites in façade panels.
To find an better solution for their end of life, recycling of these bio composite façade panels is researched by recycling the material into filler for a new bio composite façade application that meet the requirements. The main research question focuses on:
“How can bio composite façade panels at their end of life be recycled into new bio composite façade panels while maintaining or increasing their high performance properties and freedom of design?”
In this research this was tested through experimental testing where different recycled fillers were compared to the virgin almond shell filler. The different fillers were tested on mechanical, durability and functional properties that are vital to façade applications.
The results of the experimental testing showed that the recycled filler samples have potential as façade applicants. The mechanical strength is lower compared to the virgin filler sample, but the durability properties are higher. In terms of workability, the higher the filler load the more workable the samples are. In the visual 3D panel testing it became clear that the recycled filler samples have a less smooth finished surface. As a façade panel it is important to withstand wind loads, weathering, impacts and be aesthetically pleasing.
Recycling bio composite façade panels can be realized. Some properties are lower compared to the original product, but with the right adjustments they can be used in a façade applicant. A more functional application such as a corner panel would be more suitable for this material given the visual appearance of the surface.
This research shows promising results, but more research needs to be done on the usage of recycled bio composites in façade panels.
Bio-based reference façade wall details
Design and analysis of moisture transport and thermal bridges for Dutch residential top-up buildings
By 2050, the Dutch construction sector is required to be fully circular, where bio-based materials can play a promising role in this transition. However, the implementation of bio-based materials is currently limited due to a lack of technical design knowledge within the sector. Additionally, the hygroscopic properties are insufficiently understood, which further hinders the integration of bio-based materials into building designs. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to develop validated 1:5 scale bio-based façade wall reference details for residential top-up buildings that perform well in reducing thermal bridges and ensuring effective moisture transport. The research combines a literature review with research-by-design and digital simulations. Initially, the advantages and disadvantages of bio-based construction materials over conventional ones are examined. Following this, five bio-based materials (cork, flax, hemp, straw, and wood) are selected and incorporated into the developed bio-based reference details. Design principles were first established to ensure the correct implementation of these materials. In total, this thesis presents 11 detail configurations, consisting of 33 validated bio-based reference details. These details were evaluated using the simulation software WUFI for moisture transport, mould growth, surface condensation, and thermal bridges. The thesis outlines both the methodology and the results. The first configuration is discussed in detail in the main report, while the remaining ten validated configurations are included in the appendix. In addition, this thesis presents 33 additional reference details which were not validated but are expected to show similar performance to the validated ones. Based on the simulation results, most of the detail configurations meet the requirements for moisture regulation and thermal performance. The isopleth analyses indicate that mould growth does not occur within the tested material layers in most configurations. Furthermore, no surface condensation was observed at the most critical points within the details. The results also comply with Dutch regulations regarding limited thermal bridging, with the measured values comparable to those of the ‘ISSO reference details’. These simulation results hereby demonstrate that the developed bio-based reference details can be effectively used in residential top-up buildings. However, the established design principles and vapour permeability must be maintained. When applied correctly, the selected bio-based materials can prevent mould growth and surface condensation, while keeping thermal bridging to a minimum. Although the simulations provide valuable insights, the validation is limited by the exclusive use of WUFI. Next, only a medium moisture load for indoor climates and the NEN 5060 for outdoor climates are used making the assessments only representative for the Netherlands. Future research could validate the results using alternative simulation software and by considering various climatic and moisture conditions. Before the developed details can be applied in the Dutch market, additional research must explore the remaining building physics aspects and structural requirements. Nevertheless, the developed design principles and validated reference details provide a solid foundation for the further implementation of bio-based construction in Dutch residential buildings.
...
By 2050, the Dutch construction sector is required to be fully circular, where bio-based materials can play a promising role in this transition. However, the implementation of bio-based materials is currently limited due to a lack of technical design knowledge within the sector. Additionally, the hygroscopic properties are insufficiently understood, which further hinders the integration of bio-based materials into building designs. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to develop validated 1:5 scale bio-based façade wall reference details for residential top-up buildings that perform well in reducing thermal bridges and ensuring effective moisture transport. The research combines a literature review with research-by-design and digital simulations. Initially, the advantages and disadvantages of bio-based construction materials over conventional ones are examined. Following this, five bio-based materials (cork, flax, hemp, straw, and wood) are selected and incorporated into the developed bio-based reference details. Design principles were first established to ensure the correct implementation of these materials. In total, this thesis presents 11 detail configurations, consisting of 33 validated bio-based reference details. These details were evaluated using the simulation software WUFI for moisture transport, mould growth, surface condensation, and thermal bridges. The thesis outlines both the methodology and the results. The first configuration is discussed in detail in the main report, while the remaining ten validated configurations are included in the appendix. In addition, this thesis presents 33 additional reference details which were not validated but are expected to show similar performance to the validated ones. Based on the simulation results, most of the detail configurations meet the requirements for moisture regulation and thermal performance. The isopleth analyses indicate that mould growth does not occur within the tested material layers in most configurations. Furthermore, no surface condensation was observed at the most critical points within the details. The results also comply with Dutch regulations regarding limited thermal bridging, with the measured values comparable to those of the ‘ISSO reference details’. These simulation results hereby demonstrate that the developed bio-based reference details can be effectively used in residential top-up buildings. However, the established design principles and vapour permeability must be maintained. When applied correctly, the selected bio-based materials can prevent mould growth and surface condensation, while keeping thermal bridging to a minimum. Although the simulations provide valuable insights, the validation is limited by the exclusive use of WUFI. Next, only a medium moisture load for indoor climates and the NEN 5060 for outdoor climates are used making the assessments only representative for the Netherlands. Future research could validate the results using alternative simulation software and by considering various climatic and moisture conditions. Before the developed details can be applied in the Dutch market, additional research must explore the remaining building physics aspects and structural requirements. Nevertheless, the developed design principles and validated reference details provide a solid foundation for the further implementation of bio-based construction in Dutch residential buildings.
The reuseability of cast-in-situ concrete slab elements
A case study of Schiphol's C-pier
Master thesis
(2025)
-
G.E.M. van Koot, J.P.G. Ramler, Dr. Florentia Kavoura, R.P.H. Vergoossen, Daniel Hall, John Hijma , Michiel Visscher
The construction sector faces an urgent need to reduce embodied carbon and close material loops, yet the structural reuse of cast-in-situ concrete elements—particularly floor slabs—remains rare in practice. This thesis investigates how concrete slab reuse can evolve from isolated experiments into an integrated and reliable strategy within the construction industry. The research addresses two interdependent barriers identified in current practice: the absence of standardised technical verification procedures and the fragmentation of communication and responsibilities between demolition (donor) and new construction (target) projects.
A mixed-methods approach combines a systematic literature review, multiple case studies of recent Dutch reuse initiatives, semi-structured expert interviews, and design-science research. The study develops two complementary frameworks: a Verification Framework, which provides a Eurocode-aligned, stepwise method for assessing the geometry, material properties, durability, and structural performance of reclaimed slabs, and a Communication Framework, which defines how verification data is generated, transferred, and safeguarded across project stages to ensure traceability and alignment among stakeholders.
Validation of both frameworks using real project data shows that reclaimed slabs can meet structural and durability requirements—especially in lower-load, repetitive applications—while achieving substantial embodied-carbon reductions of up to 60% relative to new concrete alternatives. The findings demonstrate that technical feasibility alone is insufficient: successful reuse depends equally on well-structured information flows, early role definition, and integrated collaboration between donor and target projects.
By providing practical guidance for engineers, project managers, contractors, and policymakers, this thesis contributes a coherent, ready-to-apply foundation for professionalising structural concrete reuse. The developed frameworks offer a pathway to reduce uncertainty, improve decision-making, and embed reuse within mainstream construction processes—supporting the wider transition toward a circular built environment. ...
A mixed-methods approach combines a systematic literature review, multiple case studies of recent Dutch reuse initiatives, semi-structured expert interviews, and design-science research. The study develops two complementary frameworks: a Verification Framework, which provides a Eurocode-aligned, stepwise method for assessing the geometry, material properties, durability, and structural performance of reclaimed slabs, and a Communication Framework, which defines how verification data is generated, transferred, and safeguarded across project stages to ensure traceability and alignment among stakeholders.
Validation of both frameworks using real project data shows that reclaimed slabs can meet structural and durability requirements—especially in lower-load, repetitive applications—while achieving substantial embodied-carbon reductions of up to 60% relative to new concrete alternatives. The findings demonstrate that technical feasibility alone is insufficient: successful reuse depends equally on well-structured information flows, early role definition, and integrated collaboration between donor and target projects.
By providing practical guidance for engineers, project managers, contractors, and policymakers, this thesis contributes a coherent, ready-to-apply foundation for professionalising structural concrete reuse. The developed frameworks offer a pathway to reduce uncertainty, improve decision-making, and embed reuse within mainstream construction processes—supporting the wider transition toward a circular built environment. ...
The construction sector faces an urgent need to reduce embodied carbon and close material loops, yet the structural reuse of cast-in-situ concrete elements—particularly floor slabs—remains rare in practice. This thesis investigates how concrete slab reuse can evolve from isolated experiments into an integrated and reliable strategy within the construction industry. The research addresses two interdependent barriers identified in current practice: the absence of standardised technical verification procedures and the fragmentation of communication and responsibilities between demolition (donor) and new construction (target) projects.
A mixed-methods approach combines a systematic literature review, multiple case studies of recent Dutch reuse initiatives, semi-structured expert interviews, and design-science research. The study develops two complementary frameworks: a Verification Framework, which provides a Eurocode-aligned, stepwise method for assessing the geometry, material properties, durability, and structural performance of reclaimed slabs, and a Communication Framework, which defines how verification data is generated, transferred, and safeguarded across project stages to ensure traceability and alignment among stakeholders.
Validation of both frameworks using real project data shows that reclaimed slabs can meet structural and durability requirements—especially in lower-load, repetitive applications—while achieving substantial embodied-carbon reductions of up to 60% relative to new concrete alternatives. The findings demonstrate that technical feasibility alone is insufficient: successful reuse depends equally on well-structured information flows, early role definition, and integrated collaboration between donor and target projects.
By providing practical guidance for engineers, project managers, contractors, and policymakers, this thesis contributes a coherent, ready-to-apply foundation for professionalising structural concrete reuse. The developed frameworks offer a pathway to reduce uncertainty, improve decision-making, and embed reuse within mainstream construction processes—supporting the wider transition toward a circular built environment.
A mixed-methods approach combines a systematic literature review, multiple case studies of recent Dutch reuse initiatives, semi-structured expert interviews, and design-science research. The study develops two complementary frameworks: a Verification Framework, which provides a Eurocode-aligned, stepwise method for assessing the geometry, material properties, durability, and structural performance of reclaimed slabs, and a Communication Framework, which defines how verification data is generated, transferred, and safeguarded across project stages to ensure traceability and alignment among stakeholders.
Validation of both frameworks using real project data shows that reclaimed slabs can meet structural and durability requirements—especially in lower-load, repetitive applications—while achieving substantial embodied-carbon reductions of up to 60% relative to new concrete alternatives. The findings demonstrate that technical feasibility alone is insufficient: successful reuse depends equally on well-structured information flows, early role definition, and integrated collaboration between donor and target projects.
By providing practical guidance for engineers, project managers, contractors, and policymakers, this thesis contributes a coherent, ready-to-apply foundation for professionalising structural concrete reuse. The developed frameworks offer a pathway to reduce uncertainty, improve decision-making, and embed reuse within mainstream construction processes—supporting the wider transition toward a circular built environment.
Investment decisions and planning for energy retrofitting depend on predictions of future energy consumption and savings. However, existing methods often overlook the influence of multiple interdependent factors, such as future climate change, building envelope degradation, and building component degradation, when assessing future energy consumption. It leads to significant discrepancies between the predicted and actual energy use, limiting the fidelity of decision-making for energy retrofit planning and investment. Moreover, the currently implemented methods for considering multiple influencing factors together lack the capability to automate the multiple simulation runs required for large-scale scenario-based analysis, limiting their effectiveness in assessing all possible decision options for planning and strategy over the entire life span of a building.
This research work developed a multi-model building energy consumption simulator system that integrated independently validated models for simulating climate change, building envelope degradation, building component degradation and its maintenance, and building energy consumption to generate multiple future building energy consumption scenarios. By leveraging a multi-modelling framework, the study enabled the production of data for scenario-based analysis, which can aid decision-making to optimise retrofit planning and scheduling. The contribution was methodological and practical, as the research objective was to explore the potential of multi-modelling as a method to simulate building energy consumption systems over the entire life cycle of the building under all possible scenarios.
The research study tested, verified, and demonstrated the developed multi-model system using a real-world case study of an office building. By incorporating dynamic influencing factors and assessing energy savings for every decision under different scenarios, this research contributed to the development of an automated, scalable, and tool-agnostic workflow that supports analysis for efficient decision-making regarding building retrofitting and maintenance. ...
This research work developed a multi-model building energy consumption simulator system that integrated independently validated models for simulating climate change, building envelope degradation, building component degradation and its maintenance, and building energy consumption to generate multiple future building energy consumption scenarios. By leveraging a multi-modelling framework, the study enabled the production of data for scenario-based analysis, which can aid decision-making to optimise retrofit planning and scheduling. The contribution was methodological and practical, as the research objective was to explore the potential of multi-modelling as a method to simulate building energy consumption systems over the entire life cycle of the building under all possible scenarios.
The research study tested, verified, and demonstrated the developed multi-model system using a real-world case study of an office building. By incorporating dynamic influencing factors and assessing energy savings for every decision under different scenarios, this research contributed to the development of an automated, scalable, and tool-agnostic workflow that supports analysis for efficient decision-making regarding building retrofitting and maintenance. ...
Investment decisions and planning for energy retrofitting depend on predictions of future energy consumption and savings. However, existing methods often overlook the influence of multiple interdependent factors, such as future climate change, building envelope degradation, and building component degradation, when assessing future energy consumption. It leads to significant discrepancies between the predicted and actual energy use, limiting the fidelity of decision-making for energy retrofit planning and investment. Moreover, the currently implemented methods for considering multiple influencing factors together lack the capability to automate the multiple simulation runs required for large-scale scenario-based analysis, limiting their effectiveness in assessing all possible decision options for planning and strategy over the entire life span of a building.
This research work developed a multi-model building energy consumption simulator system that integrated independently validated models for simulating climate change, building envelope degradation, building component degradation and its maintenance, and building energy consumption to generate multiple future building energy consumption scenarios. By leveraging a multi-modelling framework, the study enabled the production of data for scenario-based analysis, which can aid decision-making to optimise retrofit planning and scheduling. The contribution was methodological and practical, as the research objective was to explore the potential of multi-modelling as a method to simulate building energy consumption systems over the entire life cycle of the building under all possible scenarios.
The research study tested, verified, and demonstrated the developed multi-model system using a real-world case study of an office building. By incorporating dynamic influencing factors and assessing energy savings for every decision under different scenarios, this research contributed to the development of an automated, scalable, and tool-agnostic workflow that supports analysis for efficient decision-making regarding building retrofitting and maintenance.
This research work developed a multi-model building energy consumption simulator system that integrated independently validated models for simulating climate change, building envelope degradation, building component degradation and its maintenance, and building energy consumption to generate multiple future building energy consumption scenarios. By leveraging a multi-modelling framework, the study enabled the production of data for scenario-based analysis, which can aid decision-making to optimise retrofit planning and scheduling. The contribution was methodological and practical, as the research objective was to explore the potential of multi-modelling as a method to simulate building energy consumption systems over the entire life cycle of the building under all possible scenarios.
The research study tested, verified, and demonstrated the developed multi-model system using a real-world case study of an office building. By incorporating dynamic influencing factors and assessing energy savings for every decision under different scenarios, this research contributed to the development of an automated, scalable, and tool-agnostic workflow that supports analysis for efficient decision-making regarding building retrofitting and maintenance.
Integrated Digital Twins in Prefabricated Construction Supply Chain Coordination
A hybrid simulation method
The construction industry is transitioning from traditional methods to an industrialized approach, aligning more closely with manufacturing systems where operational efficiency is key to project success. This shift is notably challenging within the prefabricated construction supply chain due to the complexity inherent in combining construction and manufacturing systems, each with its unique characteristics that differ from simpler systems. To effectively manage these complexities, digital twin-enabled simulations offer valuable insights into system behavior, enabling more effective management strategies. However, implementing these advanced simulations requires sophisticated techniques, as current methods often focus on single aspects, neglecting other crucial elements of supply chain management. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a novel digital simulation approach that enhances supply chain coordination through a mixed-method framework. This framework integrates both micro-level constraints and macro-level tactical decisions, creating feedback loops between different layers of the system. A case study is conducted using supply chain tactics involving inventory and capacity buffers based on the developed model. The study contributes to both theoretical knowledge and practical applications by providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the operational functions of digital twins and offering insights for future academic model development in the prefabricated construction supply chain. It enhances the understanding of operational efficiency and supply chain coordination in this evolving field for both researchers and practitioners.
...
The construction industry is transitioning from traditional methods to an industrialized approach, aligning more closely with manufacturing systems where operational efficiency is key to project success. This shift is notably challenging within the prefabricated construction supply chain due to the complexity inherent in combining construction and manufacturing systems, each with its unique characteristics that differ from simpler systems. To effectively manage these complexities, digital twin-enabled simulations offer valuable insights into system behavior, enabling more effective management strategies. However, implementing these advanced simulations requires sophisticated techniques, as current methods often focus on single aspects, neglecting other crucial elements of supply chain management. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a novel digital simulation approach that enhances supply chain coordination through a mixed-method framework. This framework integrates both micro-level constraints and macro-level tactical decisions, creating feedback loops between different layers of the system. A case study is conducted using supply chain tactics involving inventory and capacity buffers based on the developed model. The study contributes to both theoretical knowledge and practical applications by providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the operational functions of digital twins and offering insights for future academic model development in the prefabricated construction supply chain. It enhances the understanding of operational efficiency and supply chain coordination in this evolving field for both researchers and practitioners.
Exploring the transition to industrialisation in Dutch infrastructure construction
A Technological Innovation Systems perspective on innovative opportunities and systemic barriers in the bridge rehabilitation challenge
Master thesis
(2024)
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T. Brouwer, M. Leijten, D.F.J. Schraven, Daniel Hall, Thijs Mackus, Alexander Bletsis
The construction sector is essential for societal functioning yet faces significant challenges, including shortages in physical and human resources, extensive material and energy use, and low productivity growth. The Dutch construction industry, in particular, is grappling with a housing deficit, rising construction costs, and restrictive nitrogen policies. Additionally, a complex situation with infrastructure rehabilitation, known as the V&R challenge, demands immediate attention. This research focuses on the rehabilitation of bridge infrastructure assets, many of which were built in the 1950s and 1960s and now require renovation or replacement. The surge in demand for these activities is expected to surpass the current supply capacity, necessitating a transition in infrastructure project execution towards industrialisation.
The study analysed the concept of industrialisation in the Dutch bridge infrastructure context, aiming to understand how innovations and sector characteristics influence the potential for an integrated industrialised value chain. Using a qualitative methodology, the research employed the Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) approach, supported by semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated that while numerous innovations could contribute to industrialisation, no singular combination ensures an industrialised value chain due to contextual factors. A proposed framework, the Industrialised Infrastructure Construction (IIC), outlined conditions necessary for a functioning industrialised system, including continuity of demand, standardisation, and long-term relations, amongst others.
The TIS analysis identified several systemic barriers: lack of upfront coordination and long-term planning, insufficient support for innovation and knowledge exchange, a conservative culture in a competitive sector, and insufficient interdisciplinary collaboration. Addressing these barriers through policy instruments and organisational strategies is crucial for fostering transition efforts. Further research is recommended to validate the IIC framework and explore the cultural impacts on sustainable innovation. Practical recommendations emphasise the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and long-term commitment to standardisation for all actors involved in bridge rehabilitation.
...
The study analysed the concept of industrialisation in the Dutch bridge infrastructure context, aiming to understand how innovations and sector characteristics influence the potential for an integrated industrialised value chain. Using a qualitative methodology, the research employed the Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) approach, supported by semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated that while numerous innovations could contribute to industrialisation, no singular combination ensures an industrialised value chain due to contextual factors. A proposed framework, the Industrialised Infrastructure Construction (IIC), outlined conditions necessary for a functioning industrialised system, including continuity of demand, standardisation, and long-term relations, amongst others.
The TIS analysis identified several systemic barriers: lack of upfront coordination and long-term planning, insufficient support for innovation and knowledge exchange, a conservative culture in a competitive sector, and insufficient interdisciplinary collaboration. Addressing these barriers through policy instruments and organisational strategies is crucial for fostering transition efforts. Further research is recommended to validate the IIC framework and explore the cultural impacts on sustainable innovation. Practical recommendations emphasise the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and long-term commitment to standardisation for all actors involved in bridge rehabilitation.
...
The construction sector is essential for societal functioning yet faces significant challenges, including shortages in physical and human resources, extensive material and energy use, and low productivity growth. The Dutch construction industry, in particular, is grappling with a housing deficit, rising construction costs, and restrictive nitrogen policies. Additionally, a complex situation with infrastructure rehabilitation, known as the V&R challenge, demands immediate attention. This research focuses on the rehabilitation of bridge infrastructure assets, many of which were built in the 1950s and 1960s and now require renovation or replacement. The surge in demand for these activities is expected to surpass the current supply capacity, necessitating a transition in infrastructure project execution towards industrialisation.
The study analysed the concept of industrialisation in the Dutch bridge infrastructure context, aiming to understand how innovations and sector characteristics influence the potential for an integrated industrialised value chain. Using a qualitative methodology, the research employed the Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) approach, supported by semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated that while numerous innovations could contribute to industrialisation, no singular combination ensures an industrialised value chain due to contextual factors. A proposed framework, the Industrialised Infrastructure Construction (IIC), outlined conditions necessary for a functioning industrialised system, including continuity of demand, standardisation, and long-term relations, amongst others.
The TIS analysis identified several systemic barriers: lack of upfront coordination and long-term planning, insufficient support for innovation and knowledge exchange, a conservative culture in a competitive sector, and insufficient interdisciplinary collaboration. Addressing these barriers through policy instruments and organisational strategies is crucial for fostering transition efforts. Further research is recommended to validate the IIC framework and explore the cultural impacts on sustainable innovation. Practical recommendations emphasise the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and long-term commitment to standardisation for all actors involved in bridge rehabilitation.
The study analysed the concept of industrialisation in the Dutch bridge infrastructure context, aiming to understand how innovations and sector characteristics influence the potential for an integrated industrialised value chain. Using a qualitative methodology, the research employed the Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) approach, supported by semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated that while numerous innovations could contribute to industrialisation, no singular combination ensures an industrialised value chain due to contextual factors. A proposed framework, the Industrialised Infrastructure Construction (IIC), outlined conditions necessary for a functioning industrialised system, including continuity of demand, standardisation, and long-term relations, amongst others.
The TIS analysis identified several systemic barriers: lack of upfront coordination and long-term planning, insufficient support for innovation and knowledge exchange, a conservative culture in a competitive sector, and insufficient interdisciplinary collaboration. Addressing these barriers through policy instruments and organisational strategies is crucial for fostering transition efforts. Further research is recommended to validate the IIC framework and explore the cultural impacts on sustainable innovation. Practical recommendations emphasise the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and long-term commitment to standardisation for all actors involved in bridge rehabilitation.
Let the water Flow
A vision for a cultural center in a terpen landscape in Groningen a 100 years from now
This research explores the design of a future-proof building for Groningen, focusing on energy efficiency and climate adaptation. Given the rising sea levels and climate changes, the study investigates urban, local, building, and detail scales to develop sustainable design strategies that will later be implemented into an architectural design. Historical and present-day challenges of water management in the Groningen area are examined, leading to an urban concept on how to make the Groningen Reitdiep area future resilient.
The study outlines three future urban scenarios: living on mounds, adapting existing arable farming on terps, and utilizing mixed farming in a dike landscape. Each scenario addresses infrastructure, energy systems, and building typologies. Key strategies include dry and wet floodproofing, passive solar design, and integrating wind and water for energy generation. The research concludes with guidelines for designing resilient buildings in flood-prone areas, emphasizing the importance of combining traditional knowledge with modern sustainable practices to create liveable environments for future generations. This comprehensive approach aims to ensure that future inhabitants of Groningen can coexist with rising water levels.
The final design will be created within one future urban scenario, focusing on a cultural community centre that is water resilient even within 100 years from now in 2124.
...
The study outlines three future urban scenarios: living on mounds, adapting existing arable farming on terps, and utilizing mixed farming in a dike landscape. Each scenario addresses infrastructure, energy systems, and building typologies. Key strategies include dry and wet floodproofing, passive solar design, and integrating wind and water for energy generation. The research concludes with guidelines for designing resilient buildings in flood-prone areas, emphasizing the importance of combining traditional knowledge with modern sustainable practices to create liveable environments for future generations. This comprehensive approach aims to ensure that future inhabitants of Groningen can coexist with rising water levels.
The final design will be created within one future urban scenario, focusing on a cultural community centre that is water resilient even within 100 years from now in 2124.
...
This research explores the design of a future-proof building for Groningen, focusing on energy efficiency and climate adaptation. Given the rising sea levels and climate changes, the study investigates urban, local, building, and detail scales to develop sustainable design strategies that will later be implemented into an architectural design. Historical and present-day challenges of water management in the Groningen area are examined, leading to an urban concept on how to make the Groningen Reitdiep area future resilient.
The study outlines three future urban scenarios: living on mounds, adapting existing arable farming on terps, and utilizing mixed farming in a dike landscape. Each scenario addresses infrastructure, energy systems, and building typologies. Key strategies include dry and wet floodproofing, passive solar design, and integrating wind and water for energy generation. The research concludes with guidelines for designing resilient buildings in flood-prone areas, emphasizing the importance of combining traditional knowledge with modern sustainable practices to create liveable environments for future generations. This comprehensive approach aims to ensure that future inhabitants of Groningen can coexist with rising water levels.
The final design will be created within one future urban scenario, focusing on a cultural community centre that is water resilient even within 100 years from now in 2124.
The study outlines three future urban scenarios: living on mounds, adapting existing arable farming on terps, and utilizing mixed farming in a dike landscape. Each scenario addresses infrastructure, energy systems, and building typologies. Key strategies include dry and wet floodproofing, passive solar design, and integrating wind and water for energy generation. The research concludes with guidelines for designing resilient buildings in flood-prone areas, emphasizing the importance of combining traditional knowledge with modern sustainable practices to create liveable environments for future generations. This comprehensive approach aims to ensure that future inhabitants of Groningen can coexist with rising water levels.
The final design will be created within one future urban scenario, focusing on a cultural community centre that is water resilient even within 100 years from now in 2124.
MODULUM
Floating Constructions for The Next Century of Adaptation
We, as humans have undergone profound transformations over time, with an incredible amount of change occurring in just the past century. In this short span of time , we have evolved intellectually, our technology has advanced at an unprecedented rate, nature itself has been altered, and our perception of life and its limitless possibilities has shifted. Now, try to imagine what further changes could unfold over the next 100 years. Everything around us is in a state of constant flux. Change is not a temporary phase; it is the essence of life itself, unfolding perpetually.
In this ever-evolving landscape, aesthetics play a crucial role. Our appreciation of beauty, harmony, and design - profoundly influences how we experience the world. It’s not just about how things look; it’s about how they make us feel. In architecture and technology, the way something is designed can significantly impact its acceptance. When a design speaks to our senses, we are more likely to embrace it, no matter how novel or advanced it may be.
As our surroundings evolve to meet new demands of society, sustainability, and climate, the importance of aesthetic appeal will grow. The future will not only be about innovation but also about the visual and emotional appeal. Ultimately, what we build will reflect the nature of human experience. Just as we have reshaped ourselves and the world around us, so too will our built environment continue to change, reflecting the fluid and ever-evolving nature of human life. ...
In this ever-evolving landscape, aesthetics play a crucial role. Our appreciation of beauty, harmony, and design - profoundly influences how we experience the world. It’s not just about how things look; it’s about how they make us feel. In architecture and technology, the way something is designed can significantly impact its acceptance. When a design speaks to our senses, we are more likely to embrace it, no matter how novel or advanced it may be.
As our surroundings evolve to meet new demands of society, sustainability, and climate, the importance of aesthetic appeal will grow. The future will not only be about innovation but also about the visual and emotional appeal. Ultimately, what we build will reflect the nature of human experience. Just as we have reshaped ourselves and the world around us, so too will our built environment continue to change, reflecting the fluid and ever-evolving nature of human life. ...
We, as humans have undergone profound transformations over time, with an incredible amount of change occurring in just the past century. In this short span of time , we have evolved intellectually, our technology has advanced at an unprecedented rate, nature itself has been altered, and our perception of life and its limitless possibilities has shifted. Now, try to imagine what further changes could unfold over the next 100 years. Everything around us is in a state of constant flux. Change is not a temporary phase; it is the essence of life itself, unfolding perpetually.
In this ever-evolving landscape, aesthetics play a crucial role. Our appreciation of beauty, harmony, and design - profoundly influences how we experience the world. It’s not just about how things look; it’s about how they make us feel. In architecture and technology, the way something is designed can significantly impact its acceptance. When a design speaks to our senses, we are more likely to embrace it, no matter how novel or advanced it may be.
As our surroundings evolve to meet new demands of society, sustainability, and climate, the importance of aesthetic appeal will grow. The future will not only be about innovation but also about the visual and emotional appeal. Ultimately, what we build will reflect the nature of human experience. Just as we have reshaped ourselves and the world around us, so too will our built environment continue to change, reflecting the fluid and ever-evolving nature of human life.
In this ever-evolving landscape, aesthetics play a crucial role. Our appreciation of beauty, harmony, and design - profoundly influences how we experience the world. It’s not just about how things look; it’s about how they make us feel. In architecture and technology, the way something is designed can significantly impact its acceptance. When a design speaks to our senses, we are more likely to embrace it, no matter how novel or advanced it may be.
As our surroundings evolve to meet new demands of society, sustainability, and climate, the importance of aesthetic appeal will grow. The future will not only be about innovation but also about the visual and emotional appeal. Ultimately, what we build will reflect the nature of human experience. Just as we have reshaped ourselves and the world around us, so too will our built environment continue to change, reflecting the fluid and ever-evolving nature of human life.
Since its emergence in 2008, blockchain technology has significantly expanded its scope, impacting various industries beyond its initial cryptocurrency applications. Its potential to enhance established practices is increasingly recognized, yet its application in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry has been relatively little researched to date, let alone been applied in practice. This research aims to develop a system facilitating the initiation and management of architectural projects on the blockchain, enabling multi-disciplinary collaboration and participation, by integrating blockchain technology into the AEC ecosystem. The proposed system is designed to allow architects, engineers, and designers, irrespective of their preferred design software, to contribute, manage and record their designs. By uploading these designs to the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and recording the IPFS hashes on the Ethereum blockchain, the system ensures immutable data provenance, transparent ownership representation, and heightened project transparency. Furthermore, this framework automates various aspects of project management, including contractual obligations, payments, and compliance verification through smart contracts. At the core of this research is a multi-step approach that begins with a literature review to establish the current state of blockchain applications within the AEC sector. The review focuses particularly on the potential of smart contracts, NFTs, and IPFS for improving the management of construction projects. A conceptual framework is then developed, drawing from the literature to designing a prototype system that integrates these technologies. The prototyping phase involves creating a blockchain-based system where architectural project management can be conducted securely and efficiently. Key to this phase is the crafting of smart contracts to automate project workflows and the use of NFTs for clear delineation of design ownership and achievements. The system also incorporates a method for offchain storage of design files through IPFS, connected to the blockchain, ensuring data integrity and easy retrieval. Systematic testing under certain scenario assesses performance and informs iterative optimization to refine the system's functionality. A performance evaluation strategy is employed to assess the prototype, ensuring its suitability for real-world applications in the AEC sector. This research develops a blockchain-based system in attempt to restructure project management in the AEC sector. Through iterative development, testing, and optimization, the objective of this study is to contribute to enhanced efficiency, transparency, and collaboration within the industry, exploring the potential benefits of integrating blockchain technology in a structured and measured manner.
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Since its emergence in 2008, blockchain technology has significantly expanded its scope, impacting various industries beyond its initial cryptocurrency applications. Its potential to enhance established practices is increasingly recognized, yet its application in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry has been relatively little researched to date, let alone been applied in practice. This research aims to develop a system facilitating the initiation and management of architectural projects on the blockchain, enabling multi-disciplinary collaboration and participation, by integrating blockchain technology into the AEC ecosystem. The proposed system is designed to allow architects, engineers, and designers, irrespective of their preferred design software, to contribute, manage and record their designs. By uploading these designs to the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and recording the IPFS hashes on the Ethereum blockchain, the system ensures immutable data provenance, transparent ownership representation, and heightened project transparency. Furthermore, this framework automates various aspects of project management, including contractual obligations, payments, and compliance verification through smart contracts. At the core of this research is a multi-step approach that begins with a literature review to establish the current state of blockchain applications within the AEC sector. The review focuses particularly on the potential of smart contracts, NFTs, and IPFS for improving the management of construction projects. A conceptual framework is then developed, drawing from the literature to designing a prototype system that integrates these technologies. The prototyping phase involves creating a blockchain-based system where architectural project management can be conducted securely and efficiently. Key to this phase is the crafting of smart contracts to automate project workflows and the use of NFTs for clear delineation of design ownership and achievements. The system also incorporates a method for offchain storage of design files through IPFS, connected to the blockchain, ensuring data integrity and easy retrieval. Systematic testing under certain scenario assesses performance and informs iterative optimization to refine the system's functionality. A performance evaluation strategy is employed to assess the prototype, ensuring its suitability for real-world applications in the AEC sector. This research develops a blockchain-based system in attempt to restructure project management in the AEC sector. Through iterative development, testing, and optimization, the objective of this study is to contribute to enhanced efficiency, transparency, and collaboration within the industry, exploring the potential benefits of integrating blockchain technology in a structured and measured manner.
Master thesis
(2023)
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A. Namdarmoghadam, M. Leijten, M.G.C. Bosch-Rekveldt, Daniel Hall, Wouter Gerwen Van
Innovative projects have a high failure rate, which is costly in terms of wasted raw materials and technical resources if the facility does not operate. In this master's thesis, the applicability of modular design for reusing the equipment is evaluated in an effort to decrease this waste and improve the circular market.
To encourage businesses to employ modular design and reuse the equipment in their projects, multiple suggestions are offered. One of the most important first steps for adopting this method seems to be raising awareness and developing a culture where new ideas are encouraged and accepted.
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To encourage businesses to employ modular design and reuse the equipment in their projects, multiple suggestions are offered. One of the most important first steps for adopting this method seems to be raising awareness and developing a culture where new ideas are encouraged and accepted.
...
Innovative projects have a high failure rate, which is costly in terms of wasted raw materials and technical resources if the facility does not operate. In this master's thesis, the applicability of modular design for reusing the equipment is evaluated in an effort to decrease this waste and improve the circular market.
To encourage businesses to employ modular design and reuse the equipment in their projects, multiple suggestions are offered. One of the most important first steps for adopting this method seems to be raising awareness and developing a culture where new ideas are encouraged and accepted.
To encourage businesses to employ modular design and reuse the equipment in their projects, multiple suggestions are offered. One of the most important first steps for adopting this method seems to be raising awareness and developing a culture where new ideas are encouraged and accepted.
Digital Twin (DT) technology has transformed construction by creating virtual counterparts of real-world objects for improved project design and management. Integrating Building Information Modelling (BIM) with Game Engines (GEs) like Unity3D is crucial for effective DT implementation in construction. However, research in this area is limited, particularly in seamless BIM data exchange to GEs. This study bridges these gaps to enable successful DT deployment in construction.
This research addresses BIM-GE integration for construction DTs, evaluating commercial, customized and custom built data exchange methods between Autodesk Revit and Unity3D. Drawing from literature and commercial software, the methods are tailored to diverse DT use cases. The goal is to optimize workflows, enhancing efficiency and accuracy of data transmission between DTs implementing technologies. Findings provide guidance for seamless BIM-GE integration, fostering innovative and sustainable infrastructure.
Comprising four branches, the methodology involves a literature review to establish data needs for various DT applications, software pipeline evaluation, comparative analysis of data exchange methods, and prototyping using Dynamo.
Key findings include insights into DT use case requirements, analysis of data exchange method pros and cons, recommendations for DT development, and a practical prototype illustrating data exchange.
In conclusion, strategies for effective data exchange are highlighted, including bi-directional methods and real-time synchronization. Recommendations involve suitable file formats and polygon reduction techniques. Embracing emerging technologies like object behavior and sensor data enhances DT simulations. This research demonstrates how the DT use case influences the type of data need and therefore highly affects the data exchange methods to be considered when developing a DT.
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This research addresses BIM-GE integration for construction DTs, evaluating commercial, customized and custom built data exchange methods between Autodesk Revit and Unity3D. Drawing from literature and commercial software, the methods are tailored to diverse DT use cases. The goal is to optimize workflows, enhancing efficiency and accuracy of data transmission between DTs implementing technologies. Findings provide guidance for seamless BIM-GE integration, fostering innovative and sustainable infrastructure.
Comprising four branches, the methodology involves a literature review to establish data needs for various DT applications, software pipeline evaluation, comparative analysis of data exchange methods, and prototyping using Dynamo.
Key findings include insights into DT use case requirements, analysis of data exchange method pros and cons, recommendations for DT development, and a practical prototype illustrating data exchange.
In conclusion, strategies for effective data exchange are highlighted, including bi-directional methods and real-time synchronization. Recommendations involve suitable file formats and polygon reduction techniques. Embracing emerging technologies like object behavior and sensor data enhances DT simulations. This research demonstrates how the DT use case influences the type of data need and therefore highly affects the data exchange methods to be considered when developing a DT.
...
Digital Twin (DT) technology has transformed construction by creating virtual counterparts of real-world objects for improved project design and management. Integrating Building Information Modelling (BIM) with Game Engines (GEs) like Unity3D is crucial for effective DT implementation in construction. However, research in this area is limited, particularly in seamless BIM data exchange to GEs. This study bridges these gaps to enable successful DT deployment in construction.
This research addresses BIM-GE integration for construction DTs, evaluating commercial, customized and custom built data exchange methods between Autodesk Revit and Unity3D. Drawing from literature and commercial software, the methods are tailored to diverse DT use cases. The goal is to optimize workflows, enhancing efficiency and accuracy of data transmission between DTs implementing technologies. Findings provide guidance for seamless BIM-GE integration, fostering innovative and sustainable infrastructure.
Comprising four branches, the methodology involves a literature review to establish data needs for various DT applications, software pipeline evaluation, comparative analysis of data exchange methods, and prototyping using Dynamo.
Key findings include insights into DT use case requirements, analysis of data exchange method pros and cons, recommendations for DT development, and a practical prototype illustrating data exchange.
In conclusion, strategies for effective data exchange are highlighted, including bi-directional methods and real-time synchronization. Recommendations involve suitable file formats and polygon reduction techniques. Embracing emerging technologies like object behavior and sensor data enhances DT simulations. This research demonstrates how the DT use case influences the type of data need and therefore highly affects the data exchange methods to be considered when developing a DT.
This research addresses BIM-GE integration for construction DTs, evaluating commercial, customized and custom built data exchange methods between Autodesk Revit and Unity3D. Drawing from literature and commercial software, the methods are tailored to diverse DT use cases. The goal is to optimize workflows, enhancing efficiency and accuracy of data transmission between DTs implementing technologies. Findings provide guidance for seamless BIM-GE integration, fostering innovative and sustainable infrastructure.
Comprising four branches, the methodology involves a literature review to establish data needs for various DT applications, software pipeline evaluation, comparative analysis of data exchange methods, and prototyping using Dynamo.
Key findings include insights into DT use case requirements, analysis of data exchange method pros and cons, recommendations for DT development, and a practical prototype illustrating data exchange.
In conclusion, strategies for effective data exchange are highlighted, including bi-directional methods and real-time synchronization. Recommendations involve suitable file formats and polygon reduction techniques. Embracing emerging technologies like object behavior and sensor data enhances DT simulations. This research demonstrates how the DT use case influences the type of data need and therefore highly affects the data exchange methods to be considered when developing a DT.