J.P.G. Ramler
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27 records found
1
Master thesis
(2026)
-
A.T. Oviningtyas, T. Wang, J.P.G. Ramler, Mirko Pap, Marielle van Schravendijk
Generative AI (GenAI) is increasingly positioned as a means of supporting contract risk identification in construction, yet existing work concentrates on technical capability and says little about how contract managers actually collaborate with these tools, or how organisational data governance shapes that collaboration. This study addresses both gaps through a single bounded case at a Dutch contractor, asking how Human–AI Collaboration (HAIC) can support pre-award contract risk identification and how AI data governance principles influence GenAI adoption.
The research uses a qualitative two-layer design. Layer 1 observes HAIC patterns through four scenario-based sessions in which three contract managers reviewed real project contracts using Microsoft 365 Copilot, analysed across the goals, task allocation, and interaction dimensions using an interpret–verify–act lens. Layer 2 examines four data governance principles which are data quality, confidentiality, traceability, and responsibility and accountability, through seven semi-structured interviews with contract managers and data/AI personnel. The layers are connected through a governance-barrier × HAIC-dimension integration matrix and tested through role-based member-checking.
The findings show that useful collaboration is CM-anchored rather than jointly autonomous: contract managers set objectives, delegate bounded tasks, interrogate outputs, and verify against source clauses, while GenAI contributes coverage, navigation speed, and occasional emergent risk surfacing. Support is strong for clause location, obligation summarisation, identifying unusual or missing terms, and risk summary drafting, but only partial for commercially significant risk assessment, where professional judgment remains decisive. Two phenomena absent from the capability-focused literature are documented: a false-positive risk-flag problem, where AI miscalibrates a clause's significance by ignoring document hierarchy, and an accountability asymmetry, where AI output is held to a higher evidential standard than equivalent human work. The integration analysis shows governance barriers act unevenly. Data quality degrades all three dimensions, while confidentiality, traceability, and accountability constrain specific points. They determine which collaboration modes are institutionally feasible. ...
The research uses a qualitative two-layer design. Layer 1 observes HAIC patterns through four scenario-based sessions in which three contract managers reviewed real project contracts using Microsoft 365 Copilot, analysed across the goals, task allocation, and interaction dimensions using an interpret–verify–act lens. Layer 2 examines four data governance principles which are data quality, confidentiality, traceability, and responsibility and accountability, through seven semi-structured interviews with contract managers and data/AI personnel. The layers are connected through a governance-barrier × HAIC-dimension integration matrix and tested through role-based member-checking.
The findings show that useful collaboration is CM-anchored rather than jointly autonomous: contract managers set objectives, delegate bounded tasks, interrogate outputs, and verify against source clauses, while GenAI contributes coverage, navigation speed, and occasional emergent risk surfacing. Support is strong for clause location, obligation summarisation, identifying unusual or missing terms, and risk summary drafting, but only partial for commercially significant risk assessment, where professional judgment remains decisive. Two phenomena absent from the capability-focused literature are documented: a false-positive risk-flag problem, where AI miscalibrates a clause's significance by ignoring document hierarchy, and an accountability asymmetry, where AI output is held to a higher evidential standard than equivalent human work. The integration analysis shows governance barriers act unevenly. Data quality degrades all three dimensions, while confidentiality, traceability, and accountability constrain specific points. They determine which collaboration modes are institutionally feasible. ...
Generative AI (GenAI) is increasingly positioned as a means of supporting contract risk identification in construction, yet existing work concentrates on technical capability and says little about how contract managers actually collaborate with these tools, or how organisational data governance shapes that collaboration. This study addresses both gaps through a single bounded case at a Dutch contractor, asking how Human–AI Collaboration (HAIC) can support pre-award contract risk identification and how AI data governance principles influence GenAI adoption.
The research uses a qualitative two-layer design. Layer 1 observes HAIC patterns through four scenario-based sessions in which three contract managers reviewed real project contracts using Microsoft 365 Copilot, analysed across the goals, task allocation, and interaction dimensions using an interpret–verify–act lens. Layer 2 examines four data governance principles which are data quality, confidentiality, traceability, and responsibility and accountability, through seven semi-structured interviews with contract managers and data/AI personnel. The layers are connected through a governance-barrier × HAIC-dimension integration matrix and tested through role-based member-checking.
The findings show that useful collaboration is CM-anchored rather than jointly autonomous: contract managers set objectives, delegate bounded tasks, interrogate outputs, and verify against source clauses, while GenAI contributes coverage, navigation speed, and occasional emergent risk surfacing. Support is strong for clause location, obligation summarisation, identifying unusual or missing terms, and risk summary drafting, but only partial for commercially significant risk assessment, where professional judgment remains decisive. Two phenomena absent from the capability-focused literature are documented: a false-positive risk-flag problem, where AI miscalibrates a clause's significance by ignoring document hierarchy, and an accountability asymmetry, where AI output is held to a higher evidential standard than equivalent human work. The integration analysis shows governance barriers act unevenly. Data quality degrades all three dimensions, while confidentiality, traceability, and accountability constrain specific points. They determine which collaboration modes are institutionally feasible.
The research uses a qualitative two-layer design. Layer 1 observes HAIC patterns through four scenario-based sessions in which three contract managers reviewed real project contracts using Microsoft 365 Copilot, analysed across the goals, task allocation, and interaction dimensions using an interpret–verify–act lens. Layer 2 examines four data governance principles which are data quality, confidentiality, traceability, and responsibility and accountability, through seven semi-structured interviews with contract managers and data/AI personnel. The layers are connected through a governance-barrier × HAIC-dimension integration matrix and tested through role-based member-checking.
The findings show that useful collaboration is CM-anchored rather than jointly autonomous: contract managers set objectives, delegate bounded tasks, interrogate outputs, and verify against source clauses, while GenAI contributes coverage, navigation speed, and occasional emergent risk surfacing. Support is strong for clause location, obligation summarisation, identifying unusual or missing terms, and risk summary drafting, but only partial for commercially significant risk assessment, where professional judgment remains decisive. Two phenomena absent from the capability-focused literature are documented: a false-positive risk-flag problem, where AI miscalibrates a clause's significance by ignoring document hierarchy, and an accountability asymmetry, where AI output is held to a higher evidential standard than equivalent human work. The integration analysis shows governance barriers act unevenly. Data quality degrades all three dimensions, while confidentiality, traceability, and accountability constrain specific points. They determine which collaboration modes are institutionally feasible.
Stage Gate Decisions Under Uncertainty
Vulnerability, Robustness, and Dependencies in Sustainability-Oriented Megaprojects
Megaprojects continue to underperform despite decades of advances in planning, governance, and risk management. At stage-gates, project readiness is typically assessed through the identification and mitigation of discrete risks. While this event-oriented approach is effective for managing identifiable uncertainties, it assumes that relevant uncertainties can be sufficiently articulated at the moment decisions are taken. As a result, forms of uncertainty that are difficult to define - yet critical to project viability - may remain outside formal evaluation.
This research argues that such uncertainty does not primarily reside in isolated events, but in how external developments interact with the dependencies that underpin project viability. Dependencies function as the interface through which external uncertainty connects to the project. When these dependencies are structurally vulnerable and insufficiently stabilised, uncertainty can propagate through the project system before it becomes visible as articulated risk.
Viewing uncertainty through dependencies distinguishes between structural vulnerability and developmental robustness. Vulnerability arises from the position of dependencies within the project configuration. Robustness, in contrast, develops over time as enabling mechanisms stabilise the conditions under which dependencies can function as assumed at the moment of commitment. Project readiness at stage-gates is therefore not determined by the closure of risks alone, but by the extent to which critical dependencies are sufficiently stabilised to carry uncertainty into subsequent stage-gates.
To operationalise this perspective, the research develops the Megaproject Dependency Framework (MDF). This introduces a dependency-based perspective that enables projects to engage with uncertainty before it can be articulated as risk. Starting from the conditions required for project viability, this perspective links external uncertainty to the mechanisms through which the project is configured - such as design choices, sequencing, and contractual arrangements. This makes it possible to identify where uncertainty enters the project, how it may propagate through interdependent elements, and which dependencies are most likely to be affected by changes in the external environment. By combining structural vulnerability with uncertainty propagation, the approach provides a structured basis for identifying where stabilisation is required to support commitment, shifting attention from managing isolated risks to strengthening the conditions under which the project can remain viable.
The framework is applied to two carbon capture and storage megaprojects. The analysis shows that many articulated risks can be traced back to underlying dependencies and their development conditions. High-impact risks are consistently associated with dependencies exhibiting high levels of instability, defined as the combination of structural vulnerability and strong uncertainty propagation. External shocks act as triggers that activate this instability, making previously latent exposure operational.
The findings indicate that risks do not form an independent layer of analysis, but can be interpreted as partial and governance-visible expressions of deeper dependency dynamics - particularly in situations where uncertainty is difficult to articulate in advance. This positions dependency analysis as a precursor to risk articulation, offering a way to engage with uncertainty before it can be meaningfully expressed as discrete events.
This research shows that stage-gates do not eliminate uncertainty, but instead consolidate how exposure is carried forward. Project readiness is therefore best understood as the degree to which dependency instability is sufficiently bounded to support commitment. The MDF provides a complementary analytical lens to existing risk-based approaches, enabling projects to identify where uncertainty is likely to materialise and how it may propagate, without replacing established governance practices.
...
This research argues that such uncertainty does not primarily reside in isolated events, but in how external developments interact with the dependencies that underpin project viability. Dependencies function as the interface through which external uncertainty connects to the project. When these dependencies are structurally vulnerable and insufficiently stabilised, uncertainty can propagate through the project system before it becomes visible as articulated risk.
Viewing uncertainty through dependencies distinguishes between structural vulnerability and developmental robustness. Vulnerability arises from the position of dependencies within the project configuration. Robustness, in contrast, develops over time as enabling mechanisms stabilise the conditions under which dependencies can function as assumed at the moment of commitment. Project readiness at stage-gates is therefore not determined by the closure of risks alone, but by the extent to which critical dependencies are sufficiently stabilised to carry uncertainty into subsequent stage-gates.
To operationalise this perspective, the research develops the Megaproject Dependency Framework (MDF). This introduces a dependency-based perspective that enables projects to engage with uncertainty before it can be articulated as risk. Starting from the conditions required for project viability, this perspective links external uncertainty to the mechanisms through which the project is configured - such as design choices, sequencing, and contractual arrangements. This makes it possible to identify where uncertainty enters the project, how it may propagate through interdependent elements, and which dependencies are most likely to be affected by changes in the external environment. By combining structural vulnerability with uncertainty propagation, the approach provides a structured basis for identifying where stabilisation is required to support commitment, shifting attention from managing isolated risks to strengthening the conditions under which the project can remain viable.
The framework is applied to two carbon capture and storage megaprojects. The analysis shows that many articulated risks can be traced back to underlying dependencies and their development conditions. High-impact risks are consistently associated with dependencies exhibiting high levels of instability, defined as the combination of structural vulnerability and strong uncertainty propagation. External shocks act as triggers that activate this instability, making previously latent exposure operational.
The findings indicate that risks do not form an independent layer of analysis, but can be interpreted as partial and governance-visible expressions of deeper dependency dynamics - particularly in situations where uncertainty is difficult to articulate in advance. This positions dependency analysis as a precursor to risk articulation, offering a way to engage with uncertainty before it can be meaningfully expressed as discrete events.
This research shows that stage-gates do not eliminate uncertainty, but instead consolidate how exposure is carried forward. Project readiness is therefore best understood as the degree to which dependency instability is sufficiently bounded to support commitment. The MDF provides a complementary analytical lens to existing risk-based approaches, enabling projects to identify where uncertainty is likely to materialise and how it may propagate, without replacing established governance practices.
...
Megaprojects continue to underperform despite decades of advances in planning, governance, and risk management. At stage-gates, project readiness is typically assessed through the identification and mitigation of discrete risks. While this event-oriented approach is effective for managing identifiable uncertainties, it assumes that relevant uncertainties can be sufficiently articulated at the moment decisions are taken. As a result, forms of uncertainty that are difficult to define - yet critical to project viability - may remain outside formal evaluation.
This research argues that such uncertainty does not primarily reside in isolated events, but in how external developments interact with the dependencies that underpin project viability. Dependencies function as the interface through which external uncertainty connects to the project. When these dependencies are structurally vulnerable and insufficiently stabilised, uncertainty can propagate through the project system before it becomes visible as articulated risk.
Viewing uncertainty through dependencies distinguishes between structural vulnerability and developmental robustness. Vulnerability arises from the position of dependencies within the project configuration. Robustness, in contrast, develops over time as enabling mechanisms stabilise the conditions under which dependencies can function as assumed at the moment of commitment. Project readiness at stage-gates is therefore not determined by the closure of risks alone, but by the extent to which critical dependencies are sufficiently stabilised to carry uncertainty into subsequent stage-gates.
To operationalise this perspective, the research develops the Megaproject Dependency Framework (MDF). This introduces a dependency-based perspective that enables projects to engage with uncertainty before it can be articulated as risk. Starting from the conditions required for project viability, this perspective links external uncertainty to the mechanisms through which the project is configured - such as design choices, sequencing, and contractual arrangements. This makes it possible to identify where uncertainty enters the project, how it may propagate through interdependent elements, and which dependencies are most likely to be affected by changes in the external environment. By combining structural vulnerability with uncertainty propagation, the approach provides a structured basis for identifying where stabilisation is required to support commitment, shifting attention from managing isolated risks to strengthening the conditions under which the project can remain viable.
The framework is applied to two carbon capture and storage megaprojects. The analysis shows that many articulated risks can be traced back to underlying dependencies and their development conditions. High-impact risks are consistently associated with dependencies exhibiting high levels of instability, defined as the combination of structural vulnerability and strong uncertainty propagation. External shocks act as triggers that activate this instability, making previously latent exposure operational.
The findings indicate that risks do not form an independent layer of analysis, but can be interpreted as partial and governance-visible expressions of deeper dependency dynamics - particularly in situations where uncertainty is difficult to articulate in advance. This positions dependency analysis as a precursor to risk articulation, offering a way to engage with uncertainty before it can be meaningfully expressed as discrete events.
This research shows that stage-gates do not eliminate uncertainty, but instead consolidate how exposure is carried forward. Project readiness is therefore best understood as the degree to which dependency instability is sufficiently bounded to support commitment. The MDF provides a complementary analytical lens to existing risk-based approaches, enabling projects to identify where uncertainty is likely to materialise and how it may propagate, without replacing established governance practices.
This research argues that such uncertainty does not primarily reside in isolated events, but in how external developments interact with the dependencies that underpin project viability. Dependencies function as the interface through which external uncertainty connects to the project. When these dependencies are structurally vulnerable and insufficiently stabilised, uncertainty can propagate through the project system before it becomes visible as articulated risk.
Viewing uncertainty through dependencies distinguishes between structural vulnerability and developmental robustness. Vulnerability arises from the position of dependencies within the project configuration. Robustness, in contrast, develops over time as enabling mechanisms stabilise the conditions under which dependencies can function as assumed at the moment of commitment. Project readiness at stage-gates is therefore not determined by the closure of risks alone, but by the extent to which critical dependencies are sufficiently stabilised to carry uncertainty into subsequent stage-gates.
To operationalise this perspective, the research develops the Megaproject Dependency Framework (MDF). This introduces a dependency-based perspective that enables projects to engage with uncertainty before it can be articulated as risk. Starting from the conditions required for project viability, this perspective links external uncertainty to the mechanisms through which the project is configured - such as design choices, sequencing, and contractual arrangements. This makes it possible to identify where uncertainty enters the project, how it may propagate through interdependent elements, and which dependencies are most likely to be affected by changes in the external environment. By combining structural vulnerability with uncertainty propagation, the approach provides a structured basis for identifying where stabilisation is required to support commitment, shifting attention from managing isolated risks to strengthening the conditions under which the project can remain viable.
The framework is applied to two carbon capture and storage megaprojects. The analysis shows that many articulated risks can be traced back to underlying dependencies and their development conditions. High-impact risks are consistently associated with dependencies exhibiting high levels of instability, defined as the combination of structural vulnerability and strong uncertainty propagation. External shocks act as triggers that activate this instability, making previously latent exposure operational.
The findings indicate that risks do not form an independent layer of analysis, but can be interpreted as partial and governance-visible expressions of deeper dependency dynamics - particularly in situations where uncertainty is difficult to articulate in advance. This positions dependency analysis as a precursor to risk articulation, offering a way to engage with uncertainty before it can be meaningfully expressed as discrete events.
This research shows that stage-gates do not eliminate uncertainty, but instead consolidate how exposure is carried forward. Project readiness is therefore best understood as the degree to which dependency instability is sufficiently bounded to support commitment. The MDF provides a complementary analytical lens to existing risk-based approaches, enabling projects to identify where uncertainty is likely to materialise and how it may propagate, without replacing established governance practices.
This thesis investigates how value is co-created and perceived between public clients and consultants during the front-end stages of infrastructure projects, where early decisions critically shape long-term outcomes. Drawing on a qualitative multi-case study of two Dutch infrastructure projects, the research identifies key resources, co-creation processes, and value outcomes generated. In addition, the study also emphasizes the role of human-centric and contextual factors, such as strategic priorities and structured service approaches, in influencing decision-making quality. The study offers practical recommendations which include early market engagement, iterative knowledge development, and co-created reporting frameworks to enhance collaboration and reduce delays. The visual framework developed serves as a reference for project managers to evaluate the effectiveness of co-creation process and improve value delivery in complex infrastructure projects.
...
This thesis investigates how value is co-created and perceived between public clients and consultants during the front-end stages of infrastructure projects, where early decisions critically shape long-term outcomes. Drawing on a qualitative multi-case study of two Dutch infrastructure projects, the research identifies key resources, co-creation processes, and value outcomes generated. In addition, the study also emphasizes the role of human-centric and contextual factors, such as strategic priorities and structured service approaches, in influencing decision-making quality. The study offers practical recommendations which include early market engagement, iterative knowledge development, and co-created reporting frameworks to enhance collaboration and reduce delays. The visual framework developed serves as a reference for project managers to evaluate the effectiveness of co-creation process and improve value delivery in complex infrastructure projects.
Large and complex construction projects are routinely late, over budget, under scope or any combination of the three. Academic literature identifies the area of conflicting stakeholder objectives, also called social complexity, as the most challenging and problem-prone aspect of complex construction projects. This view is also shared by the industry. This problem is addressed by the Open Design methodology. The latest addition to Open Design is the Preferendus, which is a system that allows to arrive at a group optimal project design by means of stakeholder preference optimization. Some applications of Preferendus result in stalemates, which can potentially lead to conflict escalation and have a destructive effect on the collaborative process they arose from. To address this, a Preferendus-based Python decision support system (DSS) is created that enables stalemate identification and resolution.
The developed DSS is applied onto the Duurzame Polder case, which is an ongoing sustainable energy generation project by the municipalities of Oss and ‘s-Hertogenbosch currently in the scope definition stage with public project information. The DSS is validated via two workshops with TU Delft Master students who take on the roles of the decision-makers in the project and use the DSS to identify and resolve the stalemate. The results indicate that the produced system successfully enables decision-makers to understand and discuss the reasons behind the stalemate to arrive at the final project decision. In both testing rounds the decision-makers arrived at a solution consistent with the real-world development of the project. The main limitations of this thesis are a lack of access to industry professionals, relative case modelling simplicity and the required model runtime. Recommendations for increasing the accuracy and efficiency of the produced system are provided.
...
The developed DSS is applied onto the Duurzame Polder case, which is an ongoing sustainable energy generation project by the municipalities of Oss and ‘s-Hertogenbosch currently in the scope definition stage with public project information. The DSS is validated via two workshops with TU Delft Master students who take on the roles of the decision-makers in the project and use the DSS to identify and resolve the stalemate. The results indicate that the produced system successfully enables decision-makers to understand and discuss the reasons behind the stalemate to arrive at the final project decision. In both testing rounds the decision-makers arrived at a solution consistent with the real-world development of the project. The main limitations of this thesis are a lack of access to industry professionals, relative case modelling simplicity and the required model runtime. Recommendations for increasing the accuracy and efficiency of the produced system are provided.
...
Large and complex construction projects are routinely late, over budget, under scope or any combination of the three. Academic literature identifies the area of conflicting stakeholder objectives, also called social complexity, as the most challenging and problem-prone aspect of complex construction projects. This view is also shared by the industry. This problem is addressed by the Open Design methodology. The latest addition to Open Design is the Preferendus, which is a system that allows to arrive at a group optimal project design by means of stakeholder preference optimization. Some applications of Preferendus result in stalemates, which can potentially lead to conflict escalation and have a destructive effect on the collaborative process they arose from. To address this, a Preferendus-based Python decision support system (DSS) is created that enables stalemate identification and resolution.
The developed DSS is applied onto the Duurzame Polder case, which is an ongoing sustainable energy generation project by the municipalities of Oss and ‘s-Hertogenbosch currently in the scope definition stage with public project information. The DSS is validated via two workshops with TU Delft Master students who take on the roles of the decision-makers in the project and use the DSS to identify and resolve the stalemate. The results indicate that the produced system successfully enables decision-makers to understand and discuss the reasons behind the stalemate to arrive at the final project decision. In both testing rounds the decision-makers arrived at a solution consistent with the real-world development of the project. The main limitations of this thesis are a lack of access to industry professionals, relative case modelling simplicity and the required model runtime. Recommendations for increasing the accuracy and efficiency of the produced system are provided.
The developed DSS is applied onto the Duurzame Polder case, which is an ongoing sustainable energy generation project by the municipalities of Oss and ‘s-Hertogenbosch currently in the scope definition stage with public project information. The DSS is validated via two workshops with TU Delft Master students who take on the roles of the decision-makers in the project and use the DSS to identify and resolve the stalemate. The results indicate that the produced system successfully enables decision-makers to understand and discuss the reasons behind the stalemate to arrive at the final project decision. In both testing rounds the decision-makers arrived at a solution consistent with the real-world development of the project. The main limitations of this thesis are a lack of access to industry professionals, relative case modelling simplicity and the required model runtime. Recommendations for increasing the accuracy and efficiency of the produced system are provided.
This thesis explores how Machine Learning (ML) can enhance the assessment of reusability potential in the sustainable renovation of Amsterdam’s bridges and quay walls. As the city faces the urgent task of renovating large parts of its aging infrastructure, sustainable renovation strategies such as material reuse are gaining importance. However, assessing the reusability potential of existing structural components remains a complex challenge that is not only shaped by technical factors, but also by the influence of various stakeholders involved throughout the renovation process. The research combines a literature review, stakeholder interviews, and the development of a machine learning model trained on data from 20 completed and ongoing bridge and quay wall renovation projects in Amsterdam. It examines both the technical data and stakeholder related insights, by investigating how technical factors, stakeholder roles and priorities affect reuse decisions.
...
This thesis explores how Machine Learning (ML) can enhance the assessment of reusability potential in the sustainable renovation of Amsterdam’s bridges and quay walls. As the city faces the urgent task of renovating large parts of its aging infrastructure, sustainable renovation strategies such as material reuse are gaining importance. However, assessing the reusability potential of existing structural components remains a complex challenge that is not only shaped by technical factors, but also by the influence of various stakeholders involved throughout the renovation process. The research combines a literature review, stakeholder interviews, and the development of a machine learning model trained on data from 20 completed and ongoing bridge and quay wall renovation projects in Amsterdam. It examines both the technical data and stakeholder related insights, by investigating how technical factors, stakeholder roles and priorities affect reuse decisions.
S.P.O.T. Scenario Planning Optimisation Tool
A Tool for Comparing Individually Optimised Construction Scenarios Based on Cost Minimisation
Construction planning often involves comparing multiple execution scenarios to identify the most effective approach. In practice, this process relies heavily on the planner’s experience and intuition, making decisions difficult to substantiate. This study addresses the question: “How can construction planning scenarios of high-rise apartment buildings (<70m) be effectively compared to support data-driven decision-making in the Netherlands?” Using the Design Science Research method, the study investigates the challenges planners face and explores how construction scenarios can be evaluated more systematically. The aim is to develop a framework and design a tool that supports holistic, effective, and data-driven comparisons of construction scenarios.
Through a literature review and 13 practitioner interviews, six key factors were identified as essential for scenario comparison. These include cost, time, resources, risk, sustainability, and cash flow. These factors and their methods of incorporation were included in the framework. A decision-support tool was designed to operationalise the framework. It largely automates the comparison process, incorporates familiar visualisations, and allows planners to input project-specific scenarios. To improve comparability, the tool applies two optimisations: crane allocation (resource-based) and float-based task shifting (technique-based). Each scenario is evaluated under near-optimal conditions using a full, or rule-based, exhaustive search, reducing inefficiencies and focusing comparisons on strategic differences. Validation showed the tool aligned with planners’ working methods and mostly improved the speed and quality of scenario analysis.
The research demonstrates that the developed framework and tool improve scenario comparison by supporting quick, transparent, well-substantiated decisions. Optimisation ensures fair comparisons, and the use of familiar visuals improves usability and communication. Further development and real-world application are recommended to refine the tool and increase adoption. Future research is based on the limitations and could extend the approach to other project types, phases, or stakeholders.
...
Through a literature review and 13 practitioner interviews, six key factors were identified as essential for scenario comparison. These include cost, time, resources, risk, sustainability, and cash flow. These factors and their methods of incorporation were included in the framework. A decision-support tool was designed to operationalise the framework. It largely automates the comparison process, incorporates familiar visualisations, and allows planners to input project-specific scenarios. To improve comparability, the tool applies two optimisations: crane allocation (resource-based) and float-based task shifting (technique-based). Each scenario is evaluated under near-optimal conditions using a full, or rule-based, exhaustive search, reducing inefficiencies and focusing comparisons on strategic differences. Validation showed the tool aligned with planners’ working methods and mostly improved the speed and quality of scenario analysis.
The research demonstrates that the developed framework and tool improve scenario comparison by supporting quick, transparent, well-substantiated decisions. Optimisation ensures fair comparisons, and the use of familiar visuals improves usability and communication. Further development and real-world application are recommended to refine the tool and increase adoption. Future research is based on the limitations and could extend the approach to other project types, phases, or stakeholders.
...
Construction planning often involves comparing multiple execution scenarios to identify the most effective approach. In practice, this process relies heavily on the planner’s experience and intuition, making decisions difficult to substantiate. This study addresses the question: “How can construction planning scenarios of high-rise apartment buildings (<70m) be effectively compared to support data-driven decision-making in the Netherlands?” Using the Design Science Research method, the study investigates the challenges planners face and explores how construction scenarios can be evaluated more systematically. The aim is to develop a framework and design a tool that supports holistic, effective, and data-driven comparisons of construction scenarios.
Through a literature review and 13 practitioner interviews, six key factors were identified as essential for scenario comparison. These include cost, time, resources, risk, sustainability, and cash flow. These factors and their methods of incorporation were included in the framework. A decision-support tool was designed to operationalise the framework. It largely automates the comparison process, incorporates familiar visualisations, and allows planners to input project-specific scenarios. To improve comparability, the tool applies two optimisations: crane allocation (resource-based) and float-based task shifting (technique-based). Each scenario is evaluated under near-optimal conditions using a full, or rule-based, exhaustive search, reducing inefficiencies and focusing comparisons on strategic differences. Validation showed the tool aligned with planners’ working methods and mostly improved the speed and quality of scenario analysis.
The research demonstrates that the developed framework and tool improve scenario comparison by supporting quick, transparent, well-substantiated decisions. Optimisation ensures fair comparisons, and the use of familiar visuals improves usability and communication. Further development and real-world application are recommended to refine the tool and increase adoption. Future research is based on the limitations and could extend the approach to other project types, phases, or stakeholders.
Through a literature review and 13 practitioner interviews, six key factors were identified as essential for scenario comparison. These include cost, time, resources, risk, sustainability, and cash flow. These factors and their methods of incorporation were included in the framework. A decision-support tool was designed to operationalise the framework. It largely automates the comparison process, incorporates familiar visualisations, and allows planners to input project-specific scenarios. To improve comparability, the tool applies two optimisations: crane allocation (resource-based) and float-based task shifting (technique-based). Each scenario is evaluated under near-optimal conditions using a full, or rule-based, exhaustive search, reducing inefficiencies and focusing comparisons on strategic differences. Validation showed the tool aligned with planners’ working methods and mostly improved the speed and quality of scenario analysis.
The research demonstrates that the developed framework and tool improve scenario comparison by supporting quick, transparent, well-substantiated decisions. Optimisation ensures fair comparisons, and the use of familiar visuals improves usability and communication. Further development and real-world application are recommended to refine the tool and increase adoption. Future research is based on the limitations and could extend the approach to other project types, phases, or stakeholders.
Digitalisation of Dispute Resolution
A Study on the Influence of Culture on Digital Dispute Resolution Practices in Small-Scale Construction Projects in England and the Netherlands
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the potential of digitalisation to enhance dispute resolution practices in construction projects. Research highlights that the social aspect is an important element in both the successful implementation of dispute resolution methods and the adoption of digital technologies in the construction industry. Culture has the ability to influence this social dimension, shaping behaviours and practices. However, insufficient research has examined the extent to which culture influences the successful implementation of digital technologies in dispute resolution. While most of the existing literature focuses on dispute resolution and digital tools in the context of mega projects, small-scale projects constitute a vital part of the construction industry. Currently, there is a gap in knowledge on how culture influences the successful implementation of digitalisation of dispute resolution in small-scale projects.
The research question that links to this problem is formulated as follows: 'How can culture shape digital dispute resolution practices?'
This thesis discusses an extensive literature review on the concepts of culture and digital dispute resolution, and presents the results of a case study comparing perceptions about digitalised dispute resolution practices in an English and Dutch office fit-out project. Stakeholders within the projects were interviewed for this study, followed by a qualitative content analysis of the interview transcripts to identify cultural issues shaping digital dispute resolution practices. External validation of the analysis took place through an expert panel review. The findings show that culture affects the extend to which digital technologies can be used in dispute resolution and that the cultural position of a project team should be determined to ensure successful implementation of digitalisation to effectively improve dispute resolution practices.
...
The research question that links to this problem is formulated as follows: 'How can culture shape digital dispute resolution practices?'
This thesis discusses an extensive literature review on the concepts of culture and digital dispute resolution, and presents the results of a case study comparing perceptions about digitalised dispute resolution practices in an English and Dutch office fit-out project. Stakeholders within the projects were interviewed for this study, followed by a qualitative content analysis of the interview transcripts to identify cultural issues shaping digital dispute resolution practices. External validation of the analysis took place through an expert panel review. The findings show that culture affects the extend to which digital technologies can be used in dispute resolution and that the cultural position of a project team should be determined to ensure successful implementation of digitalisation to effectively improve dispute resolution practices.
...
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the potential of digitalisation to enhance dispute resolution practices in construction projects. Research highlights that the social aspect is an important element in both the successful implementation of dispute resolution methods and the adoption of digital technologies in the construction industry. Culture has the ability to influence this social dimension, shaping behaviours and practices. However, insufficient research has examined the extent to which culture influences the successful implementation of digital technologies in dispute resolution. While most of the existing literature focuses on dispute resolution and digital tools in the context of mega projects, small-scale projects constitute a vital part of the construction industry. Currently, there is a gap in knowledge on how culture influences the successful implementation of digitalisation of dispute resolution in small-scale projects.
The research question that links to this problem is formulated as follows: 'How can culture shape digital dispute resolution practices?'
This thesis discusses an extensive literature review on the concepts of culture and digital dispute resolution, and presents the results of a case study comparing perceptions about digitalised dispute resolution practices in an English and Dutch office fit-out project. Stakeholders within the projects were interviewed for this study, followed by a qualitative content analysis of the interview transcripts to identify cultural issues shaping digital dispute resolution practices. External validation of the analysis took place through an expert panel review. The findings show that culture affects the extend to which digital technologies can be used in dispute resolution and that the cultural position of a project team should be determined to ensure successful implementation of digitalisation to effectively improve dispute resolution practices.
The research question that links to this problem is formulated as follows: 'How can culture shape digital dispute resolution practices?'
This thesis discusses an extensive literature review on the concepts of culture and digital dispute resolution, and presents the results of a case study comparing perceptions about digitalised dispute resolution practices in an English and Dutch office fit-out project. Stakeholders within the projects were interviewed for this study, followed by a qualitative content analysis of the interview transcripts to identify cultural issues shaping digital dispute resolution practices. External validation of the analysis took place through an expert panel review. The findings show that culture affects the extend to which digital technologies can be used in dispute resolution and that the cultural position of a project team should be determined to ensure successful implementation of digitalisation to effectively improve dispute resolution practices.
Master thesis
(2025)
-
J.J. de Groot, M.G.C. Bosch-Rekveldt, M. Leijten, J.P.G. Ramler, Bas van de Weijer
This thesis investigates how the management of interdependencies between the client and the contractor can enhance risk mitigation strategies in complex construction projects. In practice, many risks do not originate from isolated technical failures, but from misaligned responsibilities, conflicting goals, and a lack of coordination between project stakeholders. These interdependencies influence how decisions are made, how risks propagate, and how effective mitigation strategies ultimately are. While traditional risk management approaches focus on identification and responsing on risks, they often overlook the systemic nature of interdependencies that shape project outcomes.
To address this gap, the research combines two theoretical models to develop a structured framework. The TOE framework is used to categorise the cause and manifestation of complexity into technical, organisational, and external sources, while Perrow’s Normal Accident Theory is applied to assess the level of coupling and interaction between these components. This dual approach allows for a detailed analysis of how different types of interdependencies affect risk exposure and governance needs.
The framework is applied in two completed infrastructure projects through a mixed-methods approach, combining cash flow analysis, project documentation review, and semi-structured interviews. Six key events were identified and analysed to assess how interdependencies were managed in practice and which governance structures were applied.
The findings show that clients typically rely on centralised governance structures focused on control and compliance, whereas contractors operate in more dynamic conditions that require flexible, decentralised responses. This structural misalignment often leads to delays, decision-making bottlenecks, and reactive risk management. Although hybrid governance was not explicitly implemented in the studied cases, the analysis suggests that such an approach could offer a promising solution. By combining strategic oversight with operational flexibility, hybrid governance would allow both parties to respond more effectively to complexity, better align their roles and responsibilities, and improve the overall quality of risk mitigation.
The thesis concludes that aligning governance models with the specific interdependency profile of a project leads to better risk management. It recommends early joint classification of interdependencies, broader stakeholder involvement in decision-making, and the use of trust-based mechanisms to complement contractual controls. These strategies can help project teams respond more effectively to complexity, interdependency and improve overall project performance. ...
To address this gap, the research combines two theoretical models to develop a structured framework. The TOE framework is used to categorise the cause and manifestation of complexity into technical, organisational, and external sources, while Perrow’s Normal Accident Theory is applied to assess the level of coupling and interaction between these components. This dual approach allows for a detailed analysis of how different types of interdependencies affect risk exposure and governance needs.
The framework is applied in two completed infrastructure projects through a mixed-methods approach, combining cash flow analysis, project documentation review, and semi-structured interviews. Six key events were identified and analysed to assess how interdependencies were managed in practice and which governance structures were applied.
The findings show that clients typically rely on centralised governance structures focused on control and compliance, whereas contractors operate in more dynamic conditions that require flexible, decentralised responses. This structural misalignment often leads to delays, decision-making bottlenecks, and reactive risk management. Although hybrid governance was not explicitly implemented in the studied cases, the analysis suggests that such an approach could offer a promising solution. By combining strategic oversight with operational flexibility, hybrid governance would allow both parties to respond more effectively to complexity, better align their roles and responsibilities, and improve the overall quality of risk mitigation.
The thesis concludes that aligning governance models with the specific interdependency profile of a project leads to better risk management. It recommends early joint classification of interdependencies, broader stakeholder involvement in decision-making, and the use of trust-based mechanisms to complement contractual controls. These strategies can help project teams respond more effectively to complexity, interdependency and improve overall project performance. ...
This thesis investigates how the management of interdependencies between the client and the contractor can enhance risk mitigation strategies in complex construction projects. In practice, many risks do not originate from isolated technical failures, but from misaligned responsibilities, conflicting goals, and a lack of coordination between project stakeholders. These interdependencies influence how decisions are made, how risks propagate, and how effective mitigation strategies ultimately are. While traditional risk management approaches focus on identification and responsing on risks, they often overlook the systemic nature of interdependencies that shape project outcomes.
To address this gap, the research combines two theoretical models to develop a structured framework. The TOE framework is used to categorise the cause and manifestation of complexity into technical, organisational, and external sources, while Perrow’s Normal Accident Theory is applied to assess the level of coupling and interaction between these components. This dual approach allows for a detailed analysis of how different types of interdependencies affect risk exposure and governance needs.
The framework is applied in two completed infrastructure projects through a mixed-methods approach, combining cash flow analysis, project documentation review, and semi-structured interviews. Six key events were identified and analysed to assess how interdependencies were managed in practice and which governance structures were applied.
The findings show that clients typically rely on centralised governance structures focused on control and compliance, whereas contractors operate in more dynamic conditions that require flexible, decentralised responses. This structural misalignment often leads to delays, decision-making bottlenecks, and reactive risk management. Although hybrid governance was not explicitly implemented in the studied cases, the analysis suggests that such an approach could offer a promising solution. By combining strategic oversight with operational flexibility, hybrid governance would allow both parties to respond more effectively to complexity, better align their roles and responsibilities, and improve the overall quality of risk mitigation.
The thesis concludes that aligning governance models with the specific interdependency profile of a project leads to better risk management. It recommends early joint classification of interdependencies, broader stakeholder involvement in decision-making, and the use of trust-based mechanisms to complement contractual controls. These strategies can help project teams respond more effectively to complexity, interdependency and improve overall project performance.
To address this gap, the research combines two theoretical models to develop a structured framework. The TOE framework is used to categorise the cause and manifestation of complexity into technical, organisational, and external sources, while Perrow’s Normal Accident Theory is applied to assess the level of coupling and interaction between these components. This dual approach allows for a detailed analysis of how different types of interdependencies affect risk exposure and governance needs.
The framework is applied in two completed infrastructure projects through a mixed-methods approach, combining cash flow analysis, project documentation review, and semi-structured interviews. Six key events were identified and analysed to assess how interdependencies were managed in practice and which governance structures were applied.
The findings show that clients typically rely on centralised governance structures focused on control and compliance, whereas contractors operate in more dynamic conditions that require flexible, decentralised responses. This structural misalignment often leads to delays, decision-making bottlenecks, and reactive risk management. Although hybrid governance was not explicitly implemented in the studied cases, the analysis suggests that such an approach could offer a promising solution. By combining strategic oversight with operational flexibility, hybrid governance would allow both parties to respond more effectively to complexity, better align their roles and responsibilities, and improve the overall quality of risk mitigation.
The thesis concludes that aligning governance models with the specific interdependency profile of a project leads to better risk management. It recommends early joint classification of interdependencies, broader stakeholder involvement in decision-making, and the use of trust-based mechanisms to complement contractual controls. These strategies can help project teams respond more effectively to complexity, interdependency and improve overall project performance.
One of the challenges in modern ports is upgrading existing quay walls. Dutch contractor Hakkers BV has developed a device to install underwater grout anchors as a support for sheet pile walls. This technology was successfully tested during a pilot project in the Seinehaven for the Port of Rotterdam. Now they are curious whether underwater grout anchors can also be applied on combi-walls.
“The objective of this thesis is the design of an underwater anchoring system for combi-walls to enable the deepening of existing quays.”
For the design, the case study of the Afrikahaven was chosen. This project has a common type of combi-wall and therefore the design is applicable in many situations. There is currently no specific customer for the quay. The underwater anchoring system can be part of an upgrade proposal in case a customer is interested in deepening the bed level.
Because underwater grout anchoring of combi-walls was only a conceptual idea, this thesis carried out a full design process starting with the very basics. This was done by creating multiple concepts which varied the way of load transfer to the combi-wall. A multi criteria analysis resulted in the selection of two optimal concepts. These two concepts are designs where the anchors go through the sheet piles and are connected to a support structure that transfers the anchor forces to the king piles. These concept designs scored very well on the criteria for hole weakening and spatial usage. Hole weakening of the king piles was a major concern due to the capacity reduction at the locations of the largest moment distribution. By not placing the anchor through the king pile, its capacity does not need to be reduced. Additionally both concepts have limited protrusion outside the combi-wall system. This prevents conflicts with the mooring vessels.
For the two concepts various connection designs have been explored, including rubber connections, clamping connections, extendable connections, and conventional methods such as welding. After evaluating the pros and cons of each design, clamping connections emerged as the optimal solution.
A detailed design of the overall stability of the combi-wall was calculated using D-Sheet. The current situation is used as the starting point. Various positions and angles of the anchors where tested. Eventually the anchor was placed at -11m NAP at the location of the maximum moment distribution. It was essential to place the anchor at a relatively shallow angle to meet vertical stability requirements.
A critical part in the design was underwater anchor failure. An important finding is that the applicability of the current design standards used for anchor design is rather limited for underwater anchoring systems. Without considering the extent of redistribution, it is possible to create a structurally questionable design that still meets the common used standards. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly understand these standards and adapt their implementation if necessary for the design.
Evaluating the extent of force redistribution is crucial for determining anchor forces and stresses in the waling beam and king piles. To evaluate force redistribution, the design was modeled in SCIA
and calibrated using D-Sheet calculations focusing on deformations and anchor forces. The analysis revealed that force distribution depends heavily on the stiffness of the support structure. An overly flexible structure channels excessive force to upper anchors and increasing soil mobilization, while an overly stiff fixed structure risks a chain reaction of failures in adjecent anchors could occur. For the design, a CHF350x500 profile was chosen between the king piles with a moment-free connection. This allows for a redistribution of 40% of the forces to adjacent anchors. The remaining 60% of the anchor forces are absorbed by the four anchors at the top of the two king piles.
To ensure feasibility, understanding construction tolerances is crucial. The design accounted for king pile and sheet pile deformations, with a deformation allowance of 100 mm for the sheet pile. Minor deviations due to ovalization were also considered. While it is unrealistic to address all uncertainties in a single design, using a multi-beam survey to measure the quay wall with 1 mm accuracy is recommended. This approach cannot eliminate construction tolerances but helps mitigate unexpected conditions during installation by incorporating them in the design phase.
The clamping design is based on a support structure where the anchor will be supported in the waling beam. The waling beam will transfer the horizontal forces to the king piles. To avoid underwater welding, a semi-clamp has been designed. These clamps can be connected using four bolts, which can be tightened underwater easily because the system is not yet under tension. Only after pre-stressing the anchor, the clamps will be drawn tightly around the king pile. Vertical stability will be provided by steel cables, which will be attached to the capping beam where the vertical forces will be transfered to the king piles.
To ensure constructability, various components are adjustable. For instance, the waling beam can be cut to size above water and welded between two end plates. An extendable HDPE tube is incorporated into the waling beam to accommodate deformations of the sheet pile wall. Additionally, the radius of the clamps has been slightly enlarged to account for ovalization deformation. This design aims to minimize operations underwater and be construction tolerance proof.
The design makes it possible to deepen the existing combi-wall in the Afrikahaven by 1.5 meters. This enables an upgrade without requiring drastic changes to the quay. The proposed design is applicable to all similar combi-wall configurations. However, for each project, specific construction tolerances must be reassessed, and the redistribution of forces during anchor failure must also be evaluated. ...
“The objective of this thesis is the design of an underwater anchoring system for combi-walls to enable the deepening of existing quays.”
For the design, the case study of the Afrikahaven was chosen. This project has a common type of combi-wall and therefore the design is applicable in many situations. There is currently no specific customer for the quay. The underwater anchoring system can be part of an upgrade proposal in case a customer is interested in deepening the bed level.
Because underwater grout anchoring of combi-walls was only a conceptual idea, this thesis carried out a full design process starting with the very basics. This was done by creating multiple concepts which varied the way of load transfer to the combi-wall. A multi criteria analysis resulted in the selection of two optimal concepts. These two concepts are designs where the anchors go through the sheet piles and are connected to a support structure that transfers the anchor forces to the king piles. These concept designs scored very well on the criteria for hole weakening and spatial usage. Hole weakening of the king piles was a major concern due to the capacity reduction at the locations of the largest moment distribution. By not placing the anchor through the king pile, its capacity does not need to be reduced. Additionally both concepts have limited protrusion outside the combi-wall system. This prevents conflicts with the mooring vessels.
For the two concepts various connection designs have been explored, including rubber connections, clamping connections, extendable connections, and conventional methods such as welding. After evaluating the pros and cons of each design, clamping connections emerged as the optimal solution.
A detailed design of the overall stability of the combi-wall was calculated using D-Sheet. The current situation is used as the starting point. Various positions and angles of the anchors where tested. Eventually the anchor was placed at -11m NAP at the location of the maximum moment distribution. It was essential to place the anchor at a relatively shallow angle to meet vertical stability requirements.
A critical part in the design was underwater anchor failure. An important finding is that the applicability of the current design standards used for anchor design is rather limited for underwater anchoring systems. Without considering the extent of redistribution, it is possible to create a structurally questionable design that still meets the common used standards. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly understand these standards and adapt their implementation if necessary for the design.
Evaluating the extent of force redistribution is crucial for determining anchor forces and stresses in the waling beam and king piles. To evaluate force redistribution, the design was modeled in SCIA
and calibrated using D-Sheet calculations focusing on deformations and anchor forces. The analysis revealed that force distribution depends heavily on the stiffness of the support structure. An overly flexible structure channels excessive force to upper anchors and increasing soil mobilization, while an overly stiff fixed structure risks a chain reaction of failures in adjecent anchors could occur. For the design, a CHF350x500 profile was chosen between the king piles with a moment-free connection. This allows for a redistribution of 40% of the forces to adjacent anchors. The remaining 60% of the anchor forces are absorbed by the four anchors at the top of the two king piles.
To ensure feasibility, understanding construction tolerances is crucial. The design accounted for king pile and sheet pile deformations, with a deformation allowance of 100 mm for the sheet pile. Minor deviations due to ovalization were also considered. While it is unrealistic to address all uncertainties in a single design, using a multi-beam survey to measure the quay wall with 1 mm accuracy is recommended. This approach cannot eliminate construction tolerances but helps mitigate unexpected conditions during installation by incorporating them in the design phase.
The clamping design is based on a support structure where the anchor will be supported in the waling beam. The waling beam will transfer the horizontal forces to the king piles. To avoid underwater welding, a semi-clamp has been designed. These clamps can be connected using four bolts, which can be tightened underwater easily because the system is not yet under tension. Only after pre-stressing the anchor, the clamps will be drawn tightly around the king pile. Vertical stability will be provided by steel cables, which will be attached to the capping beam where the vertical forces will be transfered to the king piles.
To ensure constructability, various components are adjustable. For instance, the waling beam can be cut to size above water and welded between two end plates. An extendable HDPE tube is incorporated into the waling beam to accommodate deformations of the sheet pile wall. Additionally, the radius of the clamps has been slightly enlarged to account for ovalization deformation. This design aims to minimize operations underwater and be construction tolerance proof.
The design makes it possible to deepen the existing combi-wall in the Afrikahaven by 1.5 meters. This enables an upgrade without requiring drastic changes to the quay. The proposed design is applicable to all similar combi-wall configurations. However, for each project, specific construction tolerances must be reassessed, and the redistribution of forces during anchor failure must also be evaluated. ...
One of the challenges in modern ports is upgrading existing quay walls. Dutch contractor Hakkers BV has developed a device to install underwater grout anchors as a support for sheet pile walls. This technology was successfully tested during a pilot project in the Seinehaven for the Port of Rotterdam. Now they are curious whether underwater grout anchors can also be applied on combi-walls.
“The objective of this thesis is the design of an underwater anchoring system for combi-walls to enable the deepening of existing quays.”
For the design, the case study of the Afrikahaven was chosen. This project has a common type of combi-wall and therefore the design is applicable in many situations. There is currently no specific customer for the quay. The underwater anchoring system can be part of an upgrade proposal in case a customer is interested in deepening the bed level.
Because underwater grout anchoring of combi-walls was only a conceptual idea, this thesis carried out a full design process starting with the very basics. This was done by creating multiple concepts which varied the way of load transfer to the combi-wall. A multi criteria analysis resulted in the selection of two optimal concepts. These two concepts are designs where the anchors go through the sheet piles and are connected to a support structure that transfers the anchor forces to the king piles. These concept designs scored very well on the criteria for hole weakening and spatial usage. Hole weakening of the king piles was a major concern due to the capacity reduction at the locations of the largest moment distribution. By not placing the anchor through the king pile, its capacity does not need to be reduced. Additionally both concepts have limited protrusion outside the combi-wall system. This prevents conflicts with the mooring vessels.
For the two concepts various connection designs have been explored, including rubber connections, clamping connections, extendable connections, and conventional methods such as welding. After evaluating the pros and cons of each design, clamping connections emerged as the optimal solution.
A detailed design of the overall stability of the combi-wall was calculated using D-Sheet. The current situation is used as the starting point. Various positions and angles of the anchors where tested. Eventually the anchor was placed at -11m NAP at the location of the maximum moment distribution. It was essential to place the anchor at a relatively shallow angle to meet vertical stability requirements.
A critical part in the design was underwater anchor failure. An important finding is that the applicability of the current design standards used for anchor design is rather limited for underwater anchoring systems. Without considering the extent of redistribution, it is possible to create a structurally questionable design that still meets the common used standards. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly understand these standards and adapt their implementation if necessary for the design.
Evaluating the extent of force redistribution is crucial for determining anchor forces and stresses in the waling beam and king piles. To evaluate force redistribution, the design was modeled in SCIA
and calibrated using D-Sheet calculations focusing on deformations and anchor forces. The analysis revealed that force distribution depends heavily on the stiffness of the support structure. An overly flexible structure channels excessive force to upper anchors and increasing soil mobilization, while an overly stiff fixed structure risks a chain reaction of failures in adjecent anchors could occur. For the design, a CHF350x500 profile was chosen between the king piles with a moment-free connection. This allows for a redistribution of 40% of the forces to adjacent anchors. The remaining 60% of the anchor forces are absorbed by the four anchors at the top of the two king piles.
To ensure feasibility, understanding construction tolerances is crucial. The design accounted for king pile and sheet pile deformations, with a deformation allowance of 100 mm for the sheet pile. Minor deviations due to ovalization were also considered. While it is unrealistic to address all uncertainties in a single design, using a multi-beam survey to measure the quay wall with 1 mm accuracy is recommended. This approach cannot eliminate construction tolerances but helps mitigate unexpected conditions during installation by incorporating them in the design phase.
The clamping design is based on a support structure where the anchor will be supported in the waling beam. The waling beam will transfer the horizontal forces to the king piles. To avoid underwater welding, a semi-clamp has been designed. These clamps can be connected using four bolts, which can be tightened underwater easily because the system is not yet under tension. Only after pre-stressing the anchor, the clamps will be drawn tightly around the king pile. Vertical stability will be provided by steel cables, which will be attached to the capping beam where the vertical forces will be transfered to the king piles.
To ensure constructability, various components are adjustable. For instance, the waling beam can be cut to size above water and welded between two end plates. An extendable HDPE tube is incorporated into the waling beam to accommodate deformations of the sheet pile wall. Additionally, the radius of the clamps has been slightly enlarged to account for ovalization deformation. This design aims to minimize operations underwater and be construction tolerance proof.
The design makes it possible to deepen the existing combi-wall in the Afrikahaven by 1.5 meters. This enables an upgrade without requiring drastic changes to the quay. The proposed design is applicable to all similar combi-wall configurations. However, for each project, specific construction tolerances must be reassessed, and the redistribution of forces during anchor failure must also be evaluated.
“The objective of this thesis is the design of an underwater anchoring system for combi-walls to enable the deepening of existing quays.”
For the design, the case study of the Afrikahaven was chosen. This project has a common type of combi-wall and therefore the design is applicable in many situations. There is currently no specific customer for the quay. The underwater anchoring system can be part of an upgrade proposal in case a customer is interested in deepening the bed level.
Because underwater grout anchoring of combi-walls was only a conceptual idea, this thesis carried out a full design process starting with the very basics. This was done by creating multiple concepts which varied the way of load transfer to the combi-wall. A multi criteria analysis resulted in the selection of two optimal concepts. These two concepts are designs where the anchors go through the sheet piles and are connected to a support structure that transfers the anchor forces to the king piles. These concept designs scored very well on the criteria for hole weakening and spatial usage. Hole weakening of the king piles was a major concern due to the capacity reduction at the locations of the largest moment distribution. By not placing the anchor through the king pile, its capacity does not need to be reduced. Additionally both concepts have limited protrusion outside the combi-wall system. This prevents conflicts with the mooring vessels.
For the two concepts various connection designs have been explored, including rubber connections, clamping connections, extendable connections, and conventional methods such as welding. After evaluating the pros and cons of each design, clamping connections emerged as the optimal solution.
A detailed design of the overall stability of the combi-wall was calculated using D-Sheet. The current situation is used as the starting point. Various positions and angles of the anchors where tested. Eventually the anchor was placed at -11m NAP at the location of the maximum moment distribution. It was essential to place the anchor at a relatively shallow angle to meet vertical stability requirements.
A critical part in the design was underwater anchor failure. An important finding is that the applicability of the current design standards used for anchor design is rather limited for underwater anchoring systems. Without considering the extent of redistribution, it is possible to create a structurally questionable design that still meets the common used standards. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly understand these standards and adapt their implementation if necessary for the design.
Evaluating the extent of force redistribution is crucial for determining anchor forces and stresses in the waling beam and king piles. To evaluate force redistribution, the design was modeled in SCIA
and calibrated using D-Sheet calculations focusing on deformations and anchor forces. The analysis revealed that force distribution depends heavily on the stiffness of the support structure. An overly flexible structure channels excessive force to upper anchors and increasing soil mobilization, while an overly stiff fixed structure risks a chain reaction of failures in adjecent anchors could occur. For the design, a CHF350x500 profile was chosen between the king piles with a moment-free connection. This allows for a redistribution of 40% of the forces to adjacent anchors. The remaining 60% of the anchor forces are absorbed by the four anchors at the top of the two king piles.
To ensure feasibility, understanding construction tolerances is crucial. The design accounted for king pile and sheet pile deformations, with a deformation allowance of 100 mm for the sheet pile. Minor deviations due to ovalization were also considered. While it is unrealistic to address all uncertainties in a single design, using a multi-beam survey to measure the quay wall with 1 mm accuracy is recommended. This approach cannot eliminate construction tolerances but helps mitigate unexpected conditions during installation by incorporating them in the design phase.
The clamping design is based on a support structure where the anchor will be supported in the waling beam. The waling beam will transfer the horizontal forces to the king piles. To avoid underwater welding, a semi-clamp has been designed. These clamps can be connected using four bolts, which can be tightened underwater easily because the system is not yet under tension. Only after pre-stressing the anchor, the clamps will be drawn tightly around the king pile. Vertical stability will be provided by steel cables, which will be attached to the capping beam where the vertical forces will be transfered to the king piles.
To ensure constructability, various components are adjustable. For instance, the waling beam can be cut to size above water and welded between two end plates. An extendable HDPE tube is incorporated into the waling beam to accommodate deformations of the sheet pile wall. Additionally, the radius of the clamps has been slightly enlarged to account for ovalization deformation. This design aims to minimize operations underwater and be construction tolerance proof.
The design makes it possible to deepen the existing combi-wall in the Afrikahaven by 1.5 meters. This enables an upgrade without requiring drastic changes to the quay. The proposed design is applicable to all similar combi-wall configurations. However, for each project, specific construction tolerances must be reassessed, and the redistribution of forces during anchor failure must also be evaluated.
The success of a modern Real Estate Development Company (REDC) depends on a Product Development (PD) department (Sigel and Jeptoo, 2023). It is department that develops the product and creates its aesthetics, attractiveness, and value (Rodionova, 2023). In addition, the most successful companies tend to have a Customer Centric Approach (CCA) (Shah et al, 2006).
However, despite understanding the importance of PD and CCA, scientific literature does not have a detailed description of these concepts, their functionality and the benefits they might create for REDC. This thesis explores how the integration of Product Development (PD) and the Customer-Centric Approach (CCA) can create tangible benefits for Real Estate Development Companies (REDCs).
The research employs mixed methods of research, combining a literature review with semi-structured interviews conducted with PD professionals working in REDCs. The literature review establishes conceptual clarity around PD, CCA, and their application in the real estate sector. The empirical part supplements theoretical insights by capturing practitioners’ perspectives on PD and CCA structures, and the practical benefits and barriers of their joint implementation.
Findings demonstrate that PD+CCA integration generates multi-dimensional advantages for REDCs. At the corporate level, it strengthens brand reputation, improves competitiveness, and increases financial performance. At the product level, it reduces the risk of market failure by ensuring the development of customer-demanded and innovative projects. For employees, it creates a clearer decision-making framework, enhances collaboration, and fosters a customer-oriented corporate culture.
A structured framework is proposed to operationalize these benefits, consisting of three components: (1) overcoming barriers to customer centricity, (2) applying the Agile–Stage-Gate Hybrid Model enriched with CCA feedback and digital tools, and (3) measuring benefits through a balanced scorecard combined with KPIs.
The study concludes that PD and CCA are not competing but complementary approaches. PD provides the foundation for structured product delivery, while CCA ensures that products are desirable, competitive, and customer focused. Together, they enable REDCs to achieve both operational excellence and sustainable market success. ...
However, despite understanding the importance of PD and CCA, scientific literature does not have a detailed description of these concepts, their functionality and the benefits they might create for REDC. This thesis explores how the integration of Product Development (PD) and the Customer-Centric Approach (CCA) can create tangible benefits for Real Estate Development Companies (REDCs).
The research employs mixed methods of research, combining a literature review with semi-structured interviews conducted with PD professionals working in REDCs. The literature review establishes conceptual clarity around PD, CCA, and their application in the real estate sector. The empirical part supplements theoretical insights by capturing practitioners’ perspectives on PD and CCA structures, and the practical benefits and barriers of their joint implementation.
Findings demonstrate that PD+CCA integration generates multi-dimensional advantages for REDCs. At the corporate level, it strengthens brand reputation, improves competitiveness, and increases financial performance. At the product level, it reduces the risk of market failure by ensuring the development of customer-demanded and innovative projects. For employees, it creates a clearer decision-making framework, enhances collaboration, and fosters a customer-oriented corporate culture.
A structured framework is proposed to operationalize these benefits, consisting of three components: (1) overcoming barriers to customer centricity, (2) applying the Agile–Stage-Gate Hybrid Model enriched with CCA feedback and digital tools, and (3) measuring benefits through a balanced scorecard combined with KPIs.
The study concludes that PD and CCA are not competing but complementary approaches. PD provides the foundation for structured product delivery, while CCA ensures that products are desirable, competitive, and customer focused. Together, they enable REDCs to achieve both operational excellence and sustainable market success. ...
The success of a modern Real Estate Development Company (REDC) depends on a Product Development (PD) department (Sigel and Jeptoo, 2023). It is department that develops the product and creates its aesthetics, attractiveness, and value (Rodionova, 2023). In addition, the most successful companies tend to have a Customer Centric Approach (CCA) (Shah et al, 2006).
However, despite understanding the importance of PD and CCA, scientific literature does not have a detailed description of these concepts, their functionality and the benefits they might create for REDC. This thesis explores how the integration of Product Development (PD) and the Customer-Centric Approach (CCA) can create tangible benefits for Real Estate Development Companies (REDCs).
The research employs mixed methods of research, combining a literature review with semi-structured interviews conducted with PD professionals working in REDCs. The literature review establishes conceptual clarity around PD, CCA, and their application in the real estate sector. The empirical part supplements theoretical insights by capturing practitioners’ perspectives on PD and CCA structures, and the practical benefits and barriers of their joint implementation.
Findings demonstrate that PD+CCA integration generates multi-dimensional advantages for REDCs. At the corporate level, it strengthens brand reputation, improves competitiveness, and increases financial performance. At the product level, it reduces the risk of market failure by ensuring the development of customer-demanded and innovative projects. For employees, it creates a clearer decision-making framework, enhances collaboration, and fosters a customer-oriented corporate culture.
A structured framework is proposed to operationalize these benefits, consisting of three components: (1) overcoming barriers to customer centricity, (2) applying the Agile–Stage-Gate Hybrid Model enriched with CCA feedback and digital tools, and (3) measuring benefits through a balanced scorecard combined with KPIs.
The study concludes that PD and CCA are not competing but complementary approaches. PD provides the foundation for structured product delivery, while CCA ensures that products are desirable, competitive, and customer focused. Together, they enable REDCs to achieve both operational excellence and sustainable market success.
However, despite understanding the importance of PD and CCA, scientific literature does not have a detailed description of these concepts, their functionality and the benefits they might create for REDC. This thesis explores how the integration of Product Development (PD) and the Customer-Centric Approach (CCA) can create tangible benefits for Real Estate Development Companies (REDCs).
The research employs mixed methods of research, combining a literature review with semi-structured interviews conducted with PD professionals working in REDCs. The literature review establishes conceptual clarity around PD, CCA, and their application in the real estate sector. The empirical part supplements theoretical insights by capturing practitioners’ perspectives on PD and CCA structures, and the practical benefits and barriers of their joint implementation.
Findings demonstrate that PD+CCA integration generates multi-dimensional advantages for REDCs. At the corporate level, it strengthens brand reputation, improves competitiveness, and increases financial performance. At the product level, it reduces the risk of market failure by ensuring the development of customer-demanded and innovative projects. For employees, it creates a clearer decision-making framework, enhances collaboration, and fosters a customer-oriented corporate culture.
A structured framework is proposed to operationalize these benefits, consisting of three components: (1) overcoming barriers to customer centricity, (2) applying the Agile–Stage-Gate Hybrid Model enriched with CCA feedback and digital tools, and (3) measuring benefits through a balanced scorecard combined with KPIs.
The study concludes that PD and CCA are not competing but complementary approaches. PD provides the foundation for structured product delivery, while CCA ensures that products are desirable, competitive, and customer focused. Together, they enable REDCs to achieve both operational excellence and sustainable market success.
Master thesis
(2025)
-
M. Alfaris, M.G.C. Marian Bosch-Rekveldt, L.S.W. Leonie Koops, J.P.G. Ramler, Paul Minartz
This study investigates the role and function of professional dissent within the Dutch construction industry. The research explores the conditions that influence the willingness and ability of professionals to voice concerns related to safety, quality, and structural integrity. The central research question is: How can professional dissent contribute to risk and quality control in construction projects? A qualitative research design was employed, based on 13 semi-structured interviews with Dutch construction professionals and 3 expert-review interviews with senior industry leaders. Data was analyzed thematically, guided by a multi-level theoretical framework (Voice/Silence Theory, Power Dynamics, and Organizational Structure). The research identified systemic barriers to dissent, including structural fragmentation, a "claim culture" driven by commercial pressures, and psychological factors such as fear of reprisal. The analysis of the Eindhoven and Twente structural failures was used to illustrate how these barriers manifest in practice. Conversely, findings show that informal enablers, such as leadership vulnerability and interpersonal trust, are more influential in building psychological safety than current formal mechanisms (Safety culture ladder & Dutch Whistleblower Act), which practitioners view with skepticism. Key analytical outcomes include the "Technical-Managerial Chasm" (the conflict between technical certainty and managerial viability) and the "advocacy skills gap." Findings from interviews and failure analyses were synthesized into the "Dissent Ecosystem Model," a new framework illustrating the interplay of systemic, interpersonal, and individual factors that determine dissent outcomes. The report concludes with actionable, multi-level recommendations to address this "dissent deficit." These include new formal, structural reforms (e.g., contractual clarity, competency certification) and informal, cultural interventions (e.g., vulnerable leadership training, trust-building initiatives) to foster a more resilient safety culture.
...
This study investigates the role and function of professional dissent within the Dutch construction industry. The research explores the conditions that influence the willingness and ability of professionals to voice concerns related to safety, quality, and structural integrity. The central research question is: How can professional dissent contribute to risk and quality control in construction projects? A qualitative research design was employed, based on 13 semi-structured interviews with Dutch construction professionals and 3 expert-review interviews with senior industry leaders. Data was analyzed thematically, guided by a multi-level theoretical framework (Voice/Silence Theory, Power Dynamics, and Organizational Structure). The research identified systemic barriers to dissent, including structural fragmentation, a "claim culture" driven by commercial pressures, and psychological factors such as fear of reprisal. The analysis of the Eindhoven and Twente structural failures was used to illustrate how these barriers manifest in practice. Conversely, findings show that informal enablers, such as leadership vulnerability and interpersonal trust, are more influential in building psychological safety than current formal mechanisms (Safety culture ladder & Dutch Whistleblower Act), which practitioners view with skepticism. Key analytical outcomes include the "Technical-Managerial Chasm" (the conflict between technical certainty and managerial viability) and the "advocacy skills gap." Findings from interviews and failure analyses were synthesized into the "Dissent Ecosystem Model," a new framework illustrating the interplay of systemic, interpersonal, and individual factors that determine dissent outcomes. The report concludes with actionable, multi-level recommendations to address this "dissent deficit." These include new formal, structural reforms (e.g., contractual clarity, competency certification) and informal, cultural interventions (e.g., vulnerable leadership training, trust-building initiatives) to foster a more resilient safety culture.
Assessing the Reliability of ECI for Operations and Maintenance in Infrastructure
Case Study Research on ECI accuracy focused on Movable Bridges
This research investigates the reliability and accuracy of the Environmental Cost Indicator (ECI) in predicting the long-term environmental impact of Dutch infrastructure projects, with a particular focus on the operation and maintenance (O\&M) phase of movable bridges. The ECI is used during tenders to estimate the environmental impact of a structure in a single monetary value, however its predictive accuracy over the asset's lifecycle remains uncertain. With help of a literature review, stakeholder interviews, case study analysis and a sensitivity analysis, this thesis aimed at addressing this knowledge gap.
The results revealed that the ECI provides a rough estimate of the actual O\&M impacts, with discrepancies ranging from 9-16\%, and up to 25\% when considering unplanned renovation. Key limitations of the ECI value included misalignment between time-based assumptions in ECI tools and the condition-based strategy used in practice, exclusion of minor maintenance, incomplete material databases and insufficient monitoring protocols. The results of this study had some limitations that included the small set of case studies and the need for assumptions due to missing data.
To improve the reliability of the ECI, the recommendations included incorporating minor maintenance in standard calculations, expanding material databases, requesting ECI ranges during tenders, improving documentation, integrating environmental impact into asset management methodologies and updating ECI tools to better reflect real-life maintenance strategies. Future research should explore the ECI reliability of other asset types, develop monitoring protocols and investigate the possibilities of an adaptive ECI tool. Improving the ECI's accuracy is critical for supporting sustainable infrastructure development in the Netherlands. ...
The results revealed that the ECI provides a rough estimate of the actual O\&M impacts, with discrepancies ranging from 9-16\%, and up to 25\% when considering unplanned renovation. Key limitations of the ECI value included misalignment between time-based assumptions in ECI tools and the condition-based strategy used in practice, exclusion of minor maintenance, incomplete material databases and insufficient monitoring protocols. The results of this study had some limitations that included the small set of case studies and the need for assumptions due to missing data.
To improve the reliability of the ECI, the recommendations included incorporating minor maintenance in standard calculations, expanding material databases, requesting ECI ranges during tenders, improving documentation, integrating environmental impact into asset management methodologies and updating ECI tools to better reflect real-life maintenance strategies. Future research should explore the ECI reliability of other asset types, develop monitoring protocols and investigate the possibilities of an adaptive ECI tool. Improving the ECI's accuracy is critical for supporting sustainable infrastructure development in the Netherlands. ...
This research investigates the reliability and accuracy of the Environmental Cost Indicator (ECI) in predicting the long-term environmental impact of Dutch infrastructure projects, with a particular focus on the operation and maintenance (O\&M) phase of movable bridges. The ECI is used during tenders to estimate the environmental impact of a structure in a single monetary value, however its predictive accuracy over the asset's lifecycle remains uncertain. With help of a literature review, stakeholder interviews, case study analysis and a sensitivity analysis, this thesis aimed at addressing this knowledge gap.
The results revealed that the ECI provides a rough estimate of the actual O\&M impacts, with discrepancies ranging from 9-16\%, and up to 25\% when considering unplanned renovation. Key limitations of the ECI value included misalignment between time-based assumptions in ECI tools and the condition-based strategy used in practice, exclusion of minor maintenance, incomplete material databases and insufficient monitoring protocols. The results of this study had some limitations that included the small set of case studies and the need for assumptions due to missing data.
To improve the reliability of the ECI, the recommendations included incorporating minor maintenance in standard calculations, expanding material databases, requesting ECI ranges during tenders, improving documentation, integrating environmental impact into asset management methodologies and updating ECI tools to better reflect real-life maintenance strategies. Future research should explore the ECI reliability of other asset types, develop monitoring protocols and investigate the possibilities of an adaptive ECI tool. Improving the ECI's accuracy is critical for supporting sustainable infrastructure development in the Netherlands.
The results revealed that the ECI provides a rough estimate of the actual O\&M impacts, with discrepancies ranging from 9-16\%, and up to 25\% when considering unplanned renovation. Key limitations of the ECI value included misalignment between time-based assumptions in ECI tools and the condition-based strategy used in practice, exclusion of minor maintenance, incomplete material databases and insufficient monitoring protocols. The results of this study had some limitations that included the small set of case studies and the need for assumptions due to missing data.
To improve the reliability of the ECI, the recommendations included incorporating minor maintenance in standard calculations, expanding material databases, requesting ECI ranges during tenders, improving documentation, integrating environmental impact into asset management methodologies and updating ECI tools to better reflect real-life maintenance strategies. Future research should explore the ECI reliability of other asset types, develop monitoring protocols and investigate the possibilities of an adaptive ECI tool. Improving the ECI's accuracy is critical for supporting sustainable infrastructure development in the Netherlands.
Towards Smarter Public Procurement for Infrastructure Renewal
Using DBFM principles for Replacement and Renovation Projects in the Netherlands
The Netherlands faces a substantial wave of infrastructure renewal as bridges, tunnels, locks and related assets built after the war reach the end of their service lives. Traditional procurement often struggles with complexity, efficiency and market capacity limits. Rather than prescribing DBFM as a single model, this thesis treats DBFM as a modular set of design principles that can be tailored to context. The study presents a decision making framework that profiles five context dimensions, uncertainty, complexity, repeatability, operation and maintenance importance and scarce market capacity, and translates them into three contract proposals for renewal projects. These contract proposals illustrate how the principles work in practice: a two phase DBM with maintenance for highly uncertain and complex renewals, a framework agreement with standardised solutions for repeatable objects and a budget driven open book portfolio for capacity constrained settings. The framework helps public clients design a contract based on the specific project context.
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The Netherlands faces a substantial wave of infrastructure renewal as bridges, tunnels, locks and related assets built after the war reach the end of their service lives. Traditional procurement often struggles with complexity, efficiency and market capacity limits. Rather than prescribing DBFM as a single model, this thesis treats DBFM as a modular set of design principles that can be tailored to context. The study presents a decision making framework that profiles five context dimensions, uncertainty, complexity, repeatability, operation and maintenance importance and scarce market capacity, and translates them into three contract proposals for renewal projects. These contract proposals illustrate how the principles work in practice: a two phase DBM with maintenance for highly uncertain and complex renewals, a framework agreement with standardised solutions for repeatable objects and a budget driven open book portfolio for capacity constrained settings. The framework helps public clients design a contract based on the specific project context.
Investigating the role of Socialization in Project Learning
What is the context for Project-Based Organizations?
This thesis investigates the role of socialization in project learning within ProjectBased Organizations (PBOs) operating in the construction sector. Construction projects are characterized by complexity, uncertainty, and strict time and cost constraints, often resulting in knowledge fragmentation and the repeated loss of valuable experience between projects. The study aims to explore how tacit knowledge is transferred among practitioners and how socialization, as a peoplebased process, complements codification, the technology-driven approach to knowledge management.
A qualitative research design was employed, based on eight semi-structured interviews with professionals from Greece, Italy, and Iran. Using the Gioia methodology, 261 initial codes were condensed into 32 first-order concepts, six second-order themes, and two aggregate dimensions. The findings show that knowledge transfer occurs through both formal mechanisms, such as meetings, ISO-driven corrective actions, lessons-learned reviews, and informal interactions, including coffee breaks, shared meals, and mentoring. Informal socialization was found to build trust, strengthen relationships, and facilitate the exchange of tacit knowledge. However, barriers such as hierarchical structures, organizational silos, cultural differences, and time constraints limit effective communication and learning across projects.
The study concludes that while codification supports organizational knowledge management, it is insufficient for transferring tacit, experience-based knowledge. Socialization plays an indispensable role in fostering shared understanding and continuous learning. To enhance project learning, PBOs should strengthen mentorship programs, encourage cross-departmental collaboration, and cultivate trust and psychological safety. Embedding socialization into project routines can improve knowledge integration, reduce repetition of mistakes, and contribute to more efficient and sustainable project delivery. ...
A qualitative research design was employed, based on eight semi-structured interviews with professionals from Greece, Italy, and Iran. Using the Gioia methodology, 261 initial codes were condensed into 32 first-order concepts, six second-order themes, and two aggregate dimensions. The findings show that knowledge transfer occurs through both formal mechanisms, such as meetings, ISO-driven corrective actions, lessons-learned reviews, and informal interactions, including coffee breaks, shared meals, and mentoring. Informal socialization was found to build trust, strengthen relationships, and facilitate the exchange of tacit knowledge. However, barriers such as hierarchical structures, organizational silos, cultural differences, and time constraints limit effective communication and learning across projects.
The study concludes that while codification supports organizational knowledge management, it is insufficient for transferring tacit, experience-based knowledge. Socialization plays an indispensable role in fostering shared understanding and continuous learning. To enhance project learning, PBOs should strengthen mentorship programs, encourage cross-departmental collaboration, and cultivate trust and psychological safety. Embedding socialization into project routines can improve knowledge integration, reduce repetition of mistakes, and contribute to more efficient and sustainable project delivery. ...
This thesis investigates the role of socialization in project learning within ProjectBased Organizations (PBOs) operating in the construction sector. Construction projects are characterized by complexity, uncertainty, and strict time and cost constraints, often resulting in knowledge fragmentation and the repeated loss of valuable experience between projects. The study aims to explore how tacit knowledge is transferred among practitioners and how socialization, as a peoplebased process, complements codification, the technology-driven approach to knowledge management.
A qualitative research design was employed, based on eight semi-structured interviews with professionals from Greece, Italy, and Iran. Using the Gioia methodology, 261 initial codes were condensed into 32 first-order concepts, six second-order themes, and two aggregate dimensions. The findings show that knowledge transfer occurs through both formal mechanisms, such as meetings, ISO-driven corrective actions, lessons-learned reviews, and informal interactions, including coffee breaks, shared meals, and mentoring. Informal socialization was found to build trust, strengthen relationships, and facilitate the exchange of tacit knowledge. However, barriers such as hierarchical structures, organizational silos, cultural differences, and time constraints limit effective communication and learning across projects.
The study concludes that while codification supports organizational knowledge management, it is insufficient for transferring tacit, experience-based knowledge. Socialization plays an indispensable role in fostering shared understanding and continuous learning. To enhance project learning, PBOs should strengthen mentorship programs, encourage cross-departmental collaboration, and cultivate trust and psychological safety. Embedding socialization into project routines can improve knowledge integration, reduce repetition of mistakes, and contribute to more efficient and sustainable project delivery.
A qualitative research design was employed, based on eight semi-structured interviews with professionals from Greece, Italy, and Iran. Using the Gioia methodology, 261 initial codes were condensed into 32 first-order concepts, six second-order themes, and two aggregate dimensions. The findings show that knowledge transfer occurs through both formal mechanisms, such as meetings, ISO-driven corrective actions, lessons-learned reviews, and informal interactions, including coffee breaks, shared meals, and mentoring. Informal socialization was found to build trust, strengthen relationships, and facilitate the exchange of tacit knowledge. However, barriers such as hierarchical structures, organizational silos, cultural differences, and time constraints limit effective communication and learning across projects.
The study concludes that while codification supports organizational knowledge management, it is insufficient for transferring tacit, experience-based knowledge. Socialization plays an indispensable role in fostering shared understanding and continuous learning. To enhance project learning, PBOs should strengthen mentorship programs, encourage cross-departmental collaboration, and cultivate trust and psychological safety. Embedding socialization into project routines can improve knowledge integration, reduce repetition of mistakes, and contribute to more efficient and sustainable project delivery.
This research addresses the challenge of standardising and integrating information from laboratory tests in pavement engineering to enhance lifetime predictions. Data from laboratory tests is often scattered across various platforms, stored in disparate formats, and described using inconsistent terminologies. This fragmentation poses significant challenges in data sharing, retrieval, and interpretation, leading to inefficiencies and potential errors. The objective is to develop a comprehensive ontology that organises and connects extensive laboratory data from the Knowledge-based Pavement Engineering (KPE) project. This framework aims to facilitate enhanced data interoperability, retrieval, and application, thereby contributing to more efficient and effective pavement design, construction, and maintenance practices. This objective leads to the main research question: “How to effectively standardise and integrate laboratory information in pavement engineering to enhance lifetime predictions?”
The development of the ontology follows a structured methodology involving several steps. The process begins with identifying relevant stakeholders, such as pavement researchers, road owners, contractors, and third parties, and to understand their specific objectives and requirements. Following this, competency questions are formulated to define the scope and functional requirements of the ontology. These questions help in identifying the necessary classes, attributes, and relations within the ontology. The subsequent step involves specifying the structural requirements, followed by showing the alignments with the existing Dutch standard. This structured methodology ensures that the developed ontology is comprehensive, addresses the stakeholders' needs, and utilises existing knowledge.
The Lab Ontology focuses on standardising and structuring laboratory data related to pavement engineering. It categorises key concepts such as laboratory instrument, testing conditions, sample properties, and their relations. By establishing clear definitions and relations, the ontology enhances data consistency, comparability, and interoperability. Ultimately, the Lab Ontology answers the main research question by providing a standardised framework that improves data sharing and enhances decision-making processes in pavement engineering. This framework can significantly contribute to improving the lifetime predictions of pavement materials. ...
The development of the ontology follows a structured methodology involving several steps. The process begins with identifying relevant stakeholders, such as pavement researchers, road owners, contractors, and third parties, and to understand their specific objectives and requirements. Following this, competency questions are formulated to define the scope and functional requirements of the ontology. These questions help in identifying the necessary classes, attributes, and relations within the ontology. The subsequent step involves specifying the structural requirements, followed by showing the alignments with the existing Dutch standard. This structured methodology ensures that the developed ontology is comprehensive, addresses the stakeholders' needs, and utilises existing knowledge.
The Lab Ontology focuses on standardising and structuring laboratory data related to pavement engineering. It categorises key concepts such as laboratory instrument, testing conditions, sample properties, and their relations. By establishing clear definitions and relations, the ontology enhances data consistency, comparability, and interoperability. Ultimately, the Lab Ontology answers the main research question by providing a standardised framework that improves data sharing and enhances decision-making processes in pavement engineering. This framework can significantly contribute to improving the lifetime predictions of pavement materials. ...
This research addresses the challenge of standardising and integrating information from laboratory tests in pavement engineering to enhance lifetime predictions. Data from laboratory tests is often scattered across various platforms, stored in disparate formats, and described using inconsistent terminologies. This fragmentation poses significant challenges in data sharing, retrieval, and interpretation, leading to inefficiencies and potential errors. The objective is to develop a comprehensive ontology that organises and connects extensive laboratory data from the Knowledge-based Pavement Engineering (KPE) project. This framework aims to facilitate enhanced data interoperability, retrieval, and application, thereby contributing to more efficient and effective pavement design, construction, and maintenance practices. This objective leads to the main research question: “How to effectively standardise and integrate laboratory information in pavement engineering to enhance lifetime predictions?”
The development of the ontology follows a structured methodology involving several steps. The process begins with identifying relevant stakeholders, such as pavement researchers, road owners, contractors, and third parties, and to understand their specific objectives and requirements. Following this, competency questions are formulated to define the scope and functional requirements of the ontology. These questions help in identifying the necessary classes, attributes, and relations within the ontology. The subsequent step involves specifying the structural requirements, followed by showing the alignments with the existing Dutch standard. This structured methodology ensures that the developed ontology is comprehensive, addresses the stakeholders' needs, and utilises existing knowledge.
The Lab Ontology focuses on standardising and structuring laboratory data related to pavement engineering. It categorises key concepts such as laboratory instrument, testing conditions, sample properties, and their relations. By establishing clear definitions and relations, the ontology enhances data consistency, comparability, and interoperability. Ultimately, the Lab Ontology answers the main research question by providing a standardised framework that improves data sharing and enhances decision-making processes in pavement engineering. This framework can significantly contribute to improving the lifetime predictions of pavement materials.
The development of the ontology follows a structured methodology involving several steps. The process begins with identifying relevant stakeholders, such as pavement researchers, road owners, contractors, and third parties, and to understand their specific objectives and requirements. Following this, competency questions are formulated to define the scope and functional requirements of the ontology. These questions help in identifying the necessary classes, attributes, and relations within the ontology. The subsequent step involves specifying the structural requirements, followed by showing the alignments with the existing Dutch standard. This structured methodology ensures that the developed ontology is comprehensive, addresses the stakeholders' needs, and utilises existing knowledge.
The Lab Ontology focuses on standardising and structuring laboratory data related to pavement engineering. It categorises key concepts such as laboratory instrument, testing conditions, sample properties, and their relations. By establishing clear definitions and relations, the ontology enhances data consistency, comparability, and interoperability. Ultimately, the Lab Ontology answers the main research question by providing a standardised framework that improves data sharing and enhances decision-making processes in pavement engineering. This framework can significantly contribute to improving the lifetime predictions of pavement materials.
Climate change is one of the most urgent global issues, with the construction sector contributing nearly 11% of global CO2 emissions. Cross-laminated timber (CLT), is proposed as a sustainable alternative for concrete and steel that, can reduce carbon emissions. The primary objectives are to identify the main drivers and barriers to using CLT in multi-storey buildings in the Netherlands and to propose strategies to overcome these barriers. The results indicate that timber’s natural ability to store captured carbon dioxide was the most important driver. Besides, CLT's lightweight nature allows for precise, modular prefabrication in factories, enabling quick and safe on-site assembly.
The biggest barriers are related to financial and political aspects, but also to technical and sociocultural aspects. Some of the regulatory barriers are CLT’s unfair representation in the MPG system and its incompatibility with building codes. Additionally, CLT is oftentimes more expensive than concrete and steel, making it less attractive. Moreover, there is still till some extent a lack of knowledge and experience across the AEC industry regarding CLT, leading to perceptions of risk and reluctance to adopt it. Some of the technical challenges are related to fire-safety, acoustics, moisture, and connections.
Five sets of strategies have been developed to overcome the aforementioned barriers. The first set of strategies is aimed at increasing industry-wide knowledge and awareness on CLT. The second set of strategies is focused on changing the industry by promoting collaboration and reorganizing the timber supply chain. The third set of strategies addresses the cost barriers by offering new financial models to overcome the cost surplus of CLT construction. The fourth category is focused on overcoming technical barriers by making technical advancements like improvements and innovations in prefabricated systems and increased standardisation. The last set of strategies is aimed at addressing regulatory barriers. Strategies include revising the MPG system to better account for biogenic carbon storage, expanding the national environmental database to include more timber products, establishing building codes that support timber construction, and setting timber building quotas. ...
The biggest barriers are related to financial and political aspects, but also to technical and sociocultural aspects. Some of the regulatory barriers are CLT’s unfair representation in the MPG system and its incompatibility with building codes. Additionally, CLT is oftentimes more expensive than concrete and steel, making it less attractive. Moreover, there is still till some extent a lack of knowledge and experience across the AEC industry regarding CLT, leading to perceptions of risk and reluctance to adopt it. Some of the technical challenges are related to fire-safety, acoustics, moisture, and connections.
Five sets of strategies have been developed to overcome the aforementioned barriers. The first set of strategies is aimed at increasing industry-wide knowledge and awareness on CLT. The second set of strategies is focused on changing the industry by promoting collaboration and reorganizing the timber supply chain. The third set of strategies addresses the cost barriers by offering new financial models to overcome the cost surplus of CLT construction. The fourth category is focused on overcoming technical barriers by making technical advancements like improvements and innovations in prefabricated systems and increased standardisation. The last set of strategies is aimed at addressing regulatory barriers. Strategies include revising the MPG system to better account for biogenic carbon storage, expanding the national environmental database to include more timber products, establishing building codes that support timber construction, and setting timber building quotas. ...
Climate change is one of the most urgent global issues, with the construction sector contributing nearly 11% of global CO2 emissions. Cross-laminated timber (CLT), is proposed as a sustainable alternative for concrete and steel that, can reduce carbon emissions. The primary objectives are to identify the main drivers and barriers to using CLT in multi-storey buildings in the Netherlands and to propose strategies to overcome these barriers. The results indicate that timber’s natural ability to store captured carbon dioxide was the most important driver. Besides, CLT's lightweight nature allows for precise, modular prefabrication in factories, enabling quick and safe on-site assembly.
The biggest barriers are related to financial and political aspects, but also to technical and sociocultural aspects. Some of the regulatory barriers are CLT’s unfair representation in the MPG system and its incompatibility with building codes. Additionally, CLT is oftentimes more expensive than concrete and steel, making it less attractive. Moreover, there is still till some extent a lack of knowledge and experience across the AEC industry regarding CLT, leading to perceptions of risk and reluctance to adopt it. Some of the technical challenges are related to fire-safety, acoustics, moisture, and connections.
Five sets of strategies have been developed to overcome the aforementioned barriers. The first set of strategies is aimed at increasing industry-wide knowledge and awareness on CLT. The second set of strategies is focused on changing the industry by promoting collaboration and reorganizing the timber supply chain. The third set of strategies addresses the cost barriers by offering new financial models to overcome the cost surplus of CLT construction. The fourth category is focused on overcoming technical barriers by making technical advancements like improvements and innovations in prefabricated systems and increased standardisation. The last set of strategies is aimed at addressing regulatory barriers. Strategies include revising the MPG system to better account for biogenic carbon storage, expanding the national environmental database to include more timber products, establishing building codes that support timber construction, and setting timber building quotas.
The biggest barriers are related to financial and political aspects, but also to technical and sociocultural aspects. Some of the regulatory barriers are CLT’s unfair representation in the MPG system and its incompatibility with building codes. Additionally, CLT is oftentimes more expensive than concrete and steel, making it less attractive. Moreover, there is still till some extent a lack of knowledge and experience across the AEC industry regarding CLT, leading to perceptions of risk and reluctance to adopt it. Some of the technical challenges are related to fire-safety, acoustics, moisture, and connections.
Five sets of strategies have been developed to overcome the aforementioned barriers. The first set of strategies is aimed at increasing industry-wide knowledge and awareness on CLT. The second set of strategies is focused on changing the industry by promoting collaboration and reorganizing the timber supply chain. The third set of strategies addresses the cost barriers by offering new financial models to overcome the cost surplus of CLT construction. The fourth category is focused on overcoming technical barriers by making technical advancements like improvements and innovations in prefabricated systems and increased standardisation. The last set of strategies is aimed at addressing regulatory barriers. Strategies include revising the MPG system to better account for biogenic carbon storage, expanding the national environmental database to include more timber products, establishing building codes that support timber construction, and setting timber building quotas.
This thesis investigates the role of external stakeholder management in fostering resilience within infra-structure projects, focusing on the complexities arising from interactions between stakeholders and pro-ject organizations. The research problem centres on how different stakeholder management strategies affect project resilience, especially in challenging environments.
To address this problem, a qualitative single-case study methodology was used, examining the "Tunel Diamante" project in Acapulco, Mexico. This approach allowed for an in-depth exploration of 26 events involving external stakeholders, such as government entities and landowners, to determine how their influence strategies and the project’s responses affect project resilience.
From the analysis, the thesis identified three primary traditional influence strategies employed by ex-ternal stakeholders: 'progress obstruction,' 'protest,' and 'demand for compromise.' Additionally, it in-troduced two innovative categories: 'collateral events' and 'proactive mitigation.' These latter strategies indicate a broader and more nuanced understanding of stakeholder influence.
The project adopted four response strategies: resourcefulness, dialogue and negotiation, coercive nego-tiation, and ignoring. These influenced the type of resilience, from absorptive to adaptive and trans-formative. Resourcefulness, characterised by adaptability, was linked to all types of resilience, while dia-logue and negotiation generally led to absorptive resilience. Coercive negotiation had mixed results, raising ethical concerns.
The findings suggest that stakeholder management strategies can significantly impact project resilience but may involve trade-offs and ethical considerations. This thesis contributes to the discourse on resili-ence in project management and offers practical insights into how external stakeholder management strategies shape resilience. It concludes that proactive and ethical stakeholder management is crucial for achieving sustainable project resilience, emphasising the importance of engaging stakeholders early and addressing their concerns constructively.
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To address this problem, a qualitative single-case study methodology was used, examining the "Tunel Diamante" project in Acapulco, Mexico. This approach allowed for an in-depth exploration of 26 events involving external stakeholders, such as government entities and landowners, to determine how their influence strategies and the project’s responses affect project resilience.
From the analysis, the thesis identified three primary traditional influence strategies employed by ex-ternal stakeholders: 'progress obstruction,' 'protest,' and 'demand for compromise.' Additionally, it in-troduced two innovative categories: 'collateral events' and 'proactive mitigation.' These latter strategies indicate a broader and more nuanced understanding of stakeholder influence.
The project adopted four response strategies: resourcefulness, dialogue and negotiation, coercive nego-tiation, and ignoring. These influenced the type of resilience, from absorptive to adaptive and trans-formative. Resourcefulness, characterised by adaptability, was linked to all types of resilience, while dia-logue and negotiation generally led to absorptive resilience. Coercive negotiation had mixed results, raising ethical concerns.
The findings suggest that stakeholder management strategies can significantly impact project resilience but may involve trade-offs and ethical considerations. This thesis contributes to the discourse on resili-ence in project management and offers practical insights into how external stakeholder management strategies shape resilience. It concludes that proactive and ethical stakeholder management is crucial for achieving sustainable project resilience, emphasising the importance of engaging stakeholders early and addressing their concerns constructively.
...
This thesis investigates the role of external stakeholder management in fostering resilience within infra-structure projects, focusing on the complexities arising from interactions between stakeholders and pro-ject organizations. The research problem centres on how different stakeholder management strategies affect project resilience, especially in challenging environments.
To address this problem, a qualitative single-case study methodology was used, examining the "Tunel Diamante" project in Acapulco, Mexico. This approach allowed for an in-depth exploration of 26 events involving external stakeholders, such as government entities and landowners, to determine how their influence strategies and the project’s responses affect project resilience.
From the analysis, the thesis identified three primary traditional influence strategies employed by ex-ternal stakeholders: 'progress obstruction,' 'protest,' and 'demand for compromise.' Additionally, it in-troduced two innovative categories: 'collateral events' and 'proactive mitigation.' These latter strategies indicate a broader and more nuanced understanding of stakeholder influence.
The project adopted four response strategies: resourcefulness, dialogue and negotiation, coercive nego-tiation, and ignoring. These influenced the type of resilience, from absorptive to adaptive and trans-formative. Resourcefulness, characterised by adaptability, was linked to all types of resilience, while dia-logue and negotiation generally led to absorptive resilience. Coercive negotiation had mixed results, raising ethical concerns.
The findings suggest that stakeholder management strategies can significantly impact project resilience but may involve trade-offs and ethical considerations. This thesis contributes to the discourse on resili-ence in project management and offers practical insights into how external stakeholder management strategies shape resilience. It concludes that proactive and ethical stakeholder management is crucial for achieving sustainable project resilience, emphasising the importance of engaging stakeholders early and addressing their concerns constructively.
To address this problem, a qualitative single-case study methodology was used, examining the "Tunel Diamante" project in Acapulco, Mexico. This approach allowed for an in-depth exploration of 26 events involving external stakeholders, such as government entities and landowners, to determine how their influence strategies and the project’s responses affect project resilience.
From the analysis, the thesis identified three primary traditional influence strategies employed by ex-ternal stakeholders: 'progress obstruction,' 'protest,' and 'demand for compromise.' Additionally, it in-troduced two innovative categories: 'collateral events' and 'proactive mitigation.' These latter strategies indicate a broader and more nuanced understanding of stakeholder influence.
The project adopted four response strategies: resourcefulness, dialogue and negotiation, coercive nego-tiation, and ignoring. These influenced the type of resilience, from absorptive to adaptive and trans-formative. Resourcefulness, characterised by adaptability, was linked to all types of resilience, while dia-logue and negotiation generally led to absorptive resilience. Coercive negotiation had mixed results, raising ethical concerns.
The findings suggest that stakeholder management strategies can significantly impact project resilience but may involve trade-offs and ethical considerations. This thesis contributes to the discourse on resili-ence in project management and offers practical insights into how external stakeholder management strategies shape resilience. It concludes that proactive and ethical stakeholder management is crucial for achieving sustainable project resilience, emphasising the importance of engaging stakeholders early and addressing their concerns constructively.
Master thesis
(2024)
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B.J.M. Mol, D.M.C. Schriever, R. Binnekamp, G.A. van Nederveen, J.P.G. Ramler, K.G. Heijne, Nienke Ris, Nils Schmeling
This thesis aims to design an interactive tool that facilitates collaboration between Microsoft’s teams in the datacenter development design process. Current datacenter development strategies of Microsoft do not sufficiently take into account socio-technical aspects which is causing project delays. Such socio-technical aspects are internally represented by different teams at Microsoft, such as the Community Affairs team and the Environmental team. Incorporating the preferences of all the relevant teams during the design, results in enhanced collaboration through increased mutual insights, which can be used to develop new design solutions. Such new design solutions inherently incorporate more socio-technical aspects...
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This thesis aims to design an interactive tool that facilitates collaboration between Microsoft’s teams in the datacenter development design process. Current datacenter development strategies of Microsoft do not sufficiently take into account socio-technical aspects which is causing project delays. Such socio-technical aspects are internally represented by different teams at Microsoft, such as the Community Affairs team and the Environmental team. Incorporating the preferences of all the relevant teams during the design, results in enhanced collaboration through increased mutual insights, which can be used to develop new design solutions. Such new design solutions inherently incorporate more socio-technical aspects...
Evaluating Equitability of Risk Allocation
Creating a Risk Allocation Equitability Assessment Framework for Construction Projects
Master thesis
(2024)
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A.T. Zwarts, P.H.A.J.M. van Gelder, J.P.G. Ramler, D. De Rooij, R. Van der Wal
The current Dutch infrastructure construction market faces various challenges in renovations and sustainability, while the global context shows its volatility. The rising construction demand strengthens the contractors’ bargaining power, while they previously had to be (over-)accommodating towards the client to stay in business. Bad experiences from the past and the complexity of larger projects require a new approach to collaboration between (public) clients and contractors. Attention to the equitability of risk allocation can be a first step towards improvement. This topic is studied by analysing literature and five recent rail construction case study projects between Van Hattum & Blankevoort (contractor) and ProRail (public client), as well as interviewing practitioners. This research has aimed to create a risk allocation equitability assessment framework for construction projects to define, apply, evaluate, and improve risk allocation equitability in this context.
Combining several justice and responsibility theories provides a theoretical overview of the concept of equitability. This distinguishes distributional, procedural, interpersonal, and informational factors. Additionally, it considers contexts, collaboration, experiences, and expectations. Comparing the theoretical with practice shows that not all of these are relevant or (explicitly) applied by practitioners. The use of model agreements, such as the UAC-IC2005, is very influential in defining, applying, and experiencing equitability. As a result, the relevance of primarily distributional factors and contexts is affected. And although the UAC-IC2005 can serve as a benchmark and indicator for equitability, it cannot cover all factors practitioners experience as relevant for equitability. Therefore, this study has identified two points during the risk allocation process in construction projects when equitability is best assessed. A list of questions to assess relevant factors is provided. The scoring of these questions can be translated into a scoring of nine categories and plotted on a heatmap. This provides a comprehensive overview of how equitability is perceived and where attention is required.
Unfortunately, it is concluded that the perception of equitability is too subjective and multi-faceted to absolutely and undisputedly define, apply, and evaluate equitability. However, the findings also show that the question of equitability can, therefore, be neglected. The assessment framework drawn up in this study can provide a better understanding of what constitutes to equitability perception, a measure to identify equitability issues, and a guide to starting and directing discussions on this topic. Although the framework has, to some extent, been validated by contractor practitioners, it is recommended that this be repeated with the client’s side and that the framework be applied and evaluated to real-world projects. Furthermore, a quantitative approach to the topic and variation of the scope could deepen the understanding of equitability. ...
Combining several justice and responsibility theories provides a theoretical overview of the concept of equitability. This distinguishes distributional, procedural, interpersonal, and informational factors. Additionally, it considers contexts, collaboration, experiences, and expectations. Comparing the theoretical with practice shows that not all of these are relevant or (explicitly) applied by practitioners. The use of model agreements, such as the UAC-IC2005, is very influential in defining, applying, and experiencing equitability. As a result, the relevance of primarily distributional factors and contexts is affected. And although the UAC-IC2005 can serve as a benchmark and indicator for equitability, it cannot cover all factors practitioners experience as relevant for equitability. Therefore, this study has identified two points during the risk allocation process in construction projects when equitability is best assessed. A list of questions to assess relevant factors is provided. The scoring of these questions can be translated into a scoring of nine categories and plotted on a heatmap. This provides a comprehensive overview of how equitability is perceived and where attention is required.
Unfortunately, it is concluded that the perception of equitability is too subjective and multi-faceted to absolutely and undisputedly define, apply, and evaluate equitability. However, the findings also show that the question of equitability can, therefore, be neglected. The assessment framework drawn up in this study can provide a better understanding of what constitutes to equitability perception, a measure to identify equitability issues, and a guide to starting and directing discussions on this topic. Although the framework has, to some extent, been validated by contractor practitioners, it is recommended that this be repeated with the client’s side and that the framework be applied and evaluated to real-world projects. Furthermore, a quantitative approach to the topic and variation of the scope could deepen the understanding of equitability. ...
The current Dutch infrastructure construction market faces various challenges in renovations and sustainability, while the global context shows its volatility. The rising construction demand strengthens the contractors’ bargaining power, while they previously had to be (over-)accommodating towards the client to stay in business. Bad experiences from the past and the complexity of larger projects require a new approach to collaboration between (public) clients and contractors. Attention to the equitability of risk allocation can be a first step towards improvement. This topic is studied by analysing literature and five recent rail construction case study projects between Van Hattum & Blankevoort (contractor) and ProRail (public client), as well as interviewing practitioners. This research has aimed to create a risk allocation equitability assessment framework for construction projects to define, apply, evaluate, and improve risk allocation equitability in this context.
Combining several justice and responsibility theories provides a theoretical overview of the concept of equitability. This distinguishes distributional, procedural, interpersonal, and informational factors. Additionally, it considers contexts, collaboration, experiences, and expectations. Comparing the theoretical with practice shows that not all of these are relevant or (explicitly) applied by practitioners. The use of model agreements, such as the UAC-IC2005, is very influential in defining, applying, and experiencing equitability. As a result, the relevance of primarily distributional factors and contexts is affected. And although the UAC-IC2005 can serve as a benchmark and indicator for equitability, it cannot cover all factors practitioners experience as relevant for equitability. Therefore, this study has identified two points during the risk allocation process in construction projects when equitability is best assessed. A list of questions to assess relevant factors is provided. The scoring of these questions can be translated into a scoring of nine categories and plotted on a heatmap. This provides a comprehensive overview of how equitability is perceived and where attention is required.
Unfortunately, it is concluded that the perception of equitability is too subjective and multi-faceted to absolutely and undisputedly define, apply, and evaluate equitability. However, the findings also show that the question of equitability can, therefore, be neglected. The assessment framework drawn up in this study can provide a better understanding of what constitutes to equitability perception, a measure to identify equitability issues, and a guide to starting and directing discussions on this topic. Although the framework has, to some extent, been validated by contractor practitioners, it is recommended that this be repeated with the client’s side and that the framework be applied and evaluated to real-world projects. Furthermore, a quantitative approach to the topic and variation of the scope could deepen the understanding of equitability.
Combining several justice and responsibility theories provides a theoretical overview of the concept of equitability. This distinguishes distributional, procedural, interpersonal, and informational factors. Additionally, it considers contexts, collaboration, experiences, and expectations. Comparing the theoretical with practice shows that not all of these are relevant or (explicitly) applied by practitioners. The use of model agreements, such as the UAC-IC2005, is very influential in defining, applying, and experiencing equitability. As a result, the relevance of primarily distributional factors and contexts is affected. And although the UAC-IC2005 can serve as a benchmark and indicator for equitability, it cannot cover all factors practitioners experience as relevant for equitability. Therefore, this study has identified two points during the risk allocation process in construction projects when equitability is best assessed. A list of questions to assess relevant factors is provided. The scoring of these questions can be translated into a scoring of nine categories and plotted on a heatmap. This provides a comprehensive overview of how equitability is perceived and where attention is required.
Unfortunately, it is concluded that the perception of equitability is too subjective and multi-faceted to absolutely and undisputedly define, apply, and evaluate equitability. However, the findings also show that the question of equitability can, therefore, be neglected. The assessment framework drawn up in this study can provide a better understanding of what constitutes to equitability perception, a measure to identify equitability issues, and a guide to starting and directing discussions on this topic. Although the framework has, to some extent, been validated by contractor practitioners, it is recommended that this be repeated with the client’s side and that the framework be applied and evaluated to real-world projects. Furthermore, a quantitative approach to the topic and variation of the scope could deepen the understanding of equitability.
Among the most recent demands in the construction industry, is the implementation of the Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology to deliver integrated designs. The BIM workflow emphasizes detecting design conflicts early, increasing the early stage design effort while minimizing later-stage costs and delays. However, the current BIM workflow lacks a formal structure for prioritizing, escalating, and resolving issues identified during iterative design cycles. This challenge becomes more pronounced in complex projects where multiple disciplines interact simultaneously. The absence of a structured issue management approach leads to informal and uncoordinated issue resolution, making it difficult to track and prioritize issues effectively, decreasing the efficiency during design phase.
This research explores how Risk Management (RM) principles can support BIM workflows to
improve project results, with a specific focus on issue management. By analysing existing gaps
and inefficiencies in BIM issue management, the study develops a framework that integrates RM concepts. The aim is to enhance the ability of BIM processes to systematically prioritize, escalate, and address issues.
The result of the research is a conceptual risk management-based issue management framework, developed through a combination of literature review, practical insights, and the application of socio-technical theory. This framework incorporates an iterative process for detecting, filtering, and prioritizing BIM issues based on risk criteria. It spans the design phase, offering a structured roadmap for implementation that considers stakeholder communication and resource optimization. Risk management addresses deficiencies in issue management through an integrated framework that guides the process based on RM principles. This integration has significant implications for issue management and requires a top-down, step-by-step approach. The integration of this framework is presented in steps to achieve understanding and sense of usefulness among different stakeholders. ...
This research explores how Risk Management (RM) principles can support BIM workflows to
improve project results, with a specific focus on issue management. By analysing existing gaps
and inefficiencies in BIM issue management, the study develops a framework that integrates RM concepts. The aim is to enhance the ability of BIM processes to systematically prioritize, escalate, and address issues.
The result of the research is a conceptual risk management-based issue management framework, developed through a combination of literature review, practical insights, and the application of socio-technical theory. This framework incorporates an iterative process for detecting, filtering, and prioritizing BIM issues based on risk criteria. It spans the design phase, offering a structured roadmap for implementation that considers stakeholder communication and resource optimization. Risk management addresses deficiencies in issue management through an integrated framework that guides the process based on RM principles. This integration has significant implications for issue management and requires a top-down, step-by-step approach. The integration of this framework is presented in steps to achieve understanding and sense of usefulness among different stakeholders. ...
Among the most recent demands in the construction industry, is the implementation of the Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology to deliver integrated designs. The BIM workflow emphasizes detecting design conflicts early, increasing the early stage design effort while minimizing later-stage costs and delays. However, the current BIM workflow lacks a formal structure for prioritizing, escalating, and resolving issues identified during iterative design cycles. This challenge becomes more pronounced in complex projects where multiple disciplines interact simultaneously. The absence of a structured issue management approach leads to informal and uncoordinated issue resolution, making it difficult to track and prioritize issues effectively, decreasing the efficiency during design phase.
This research explores how Risk Management (RM) principles can support BIM workflows to
improve project results, with a specific focus on issue management. By analysing existing gaps
and inefficiencies in BIM issue management, the study develops a framework that integrates RM concepts. The aim is to enhance the ability of BIM processes to systematically prioritize, escalate, and address issues.
The result of the research is a conceptual risk management-based issue management framework, developed through a combination of literature review, practical insights, and the application of socio-technical theory. This framework incorporates an iterative process for detecting, filtering, and prioritizing BIM issues based on risk criteria. It spans the design phase, offering a structured roadmap for implementation that considers stakeholder communication and resource optimization. Risk management addresses deficiencies in issue management through an integrated framework that guides the process based on RM principles. This integration has significant implications for issue management and requires a top-down, step-by-step approach. The integration of this framework is presented in steps to achieve understanding and sense of usefulness among different stakeholders.
This research explores how Risk Management (RM) principles can support BIM workflows to
improve project results, with a specific focus on issue management. By analysing existing gaps
and inefficiencies in BIM issue management, the study develops a framework that integrates RM concepts. The aim is to enhance the ability of BIM processes to systematically prioritize, escalate, and address issues.
The result of the research is a conceptual risk management-based issue management framework, developed through a combination of literature review, practical insights, and the application of socio-technical theory. This framework incorporates an iterative process for detecting, filtering, and prioritizing BIM issues based on risk criteria. It spans the design phase, offering a structured roadmap for implementation that considers stakeholder communication and resource optimization. Risk management addresses deficiencies in issue management through an integrated framework that guides the process based on RM principles. This integration has significant implications for issue management and requires a top-down, step-by-step approach. The integration of this framework is presented in steps to achieve understanding and sense of usefulness among different stakeholders.