The Territorial School is an organism that learns from the place it inhabits. In Preggio, a small village in central Italy at risk of abandonment, empty houses become classrooms, narrow streets become corridors, green fields become a vast garden, and the entire village transforms into a diffused school.
While more and more children learn in closed and artificial environments, detached from the surrounding nature, Preggio represents the hope for an alternative educational model.
A primary school needs open spaces, natural light and greenery. Has to be controlled for safety, isolated to support discovery, and generous towards its surrounding ecology.
Preggio is, by its very nature, an educational space: a silent teacher of the flowing time, of the sense of belonging, of the tangible culture of territories.

Bio composites façade panels are an example of circular building products. Using circular products not only decreases embodied carbon, it also contributes not to exhaust natural resources (by recycling them). However if such a building product is a their end of life, they end up as waste (landfill) or are being incinerated, the embodied carbon is released again.
To find an better solution for their end of life, recycling of these bio composite façade panels is researched by recycling the material into filler for a new bio composite façade application that meet the requirements. The main research question focuses on:
“How can bio composite façade panels at their end of life be recycled into new bio composite façade panels while maintaining or increasing their high performance properties and freedom of design?”
In this research this was tested through experimental testing where different recycled fillers were compared to the virgin almond shell filler. The different fillers were tested on mechanical, durability and functional properties that are vital to façade applications.
The results of the experimental testing showed that the recycled filler samples have potential as façade applicants. The mechanical strength is lower compared to the virgin filler sample, but the durability properties are higher. In terms of workability, the higher the filler load the more workable the samples are. In the visual 3D panel testing it became clear that the recycled filler samples have a less smooth finished surface. As a façade panel it is important to withstand wind loads, weathering, impacts and be aesthetically pleasing.
Recycling bio composite façade panels can be realized. Some properties are lower compared to the original product, but with the right adjustments they can be used in a façade applicant. A more functional application such as a corner panel would be more suitable for this material given the visual appearance of the surface.
This research shows promising results, but more research needs to be done on the usage of recycled bio composites in façade panels.

While the construction industry searches for alternatives to concrete due to its high carbon footprint, its demolition waste is currently either downcycled or landfilled. This thesis presents a scalable method for reclaiming large concrete rubble fragments as structural, load-bearing precast walls. A horizontal prefabrication workflow was designed that not only produces airtight, load-bearing walls from reclaimed concrete waste but also enables new possibilities for architectural expression. Using a computational design workflow, the structural performance of multiple rubble arrangements was investigated at a 1:10 scale. Furthermore, a wall system was designed to explore future applications of load-bearing rubble elements and integrate them into established production methods. Through an environmental analysis focusing on waste reduction, circularity, and a cradle-to-gate study, a 50% reduction in embodied carbon compared to conventional precast walls was demonstrated. Overall, the work showed that a prefabrication process has the potential to scale the use of concrete waste as a load-bearing element and produce prefabricated walls with integrated concrete waste.

By 2050, the Dutch construction sector is required to be fully circular, where bio-based materials can play a promising role in this transition. However, the implementation of bio-based materials is currently limited due to a lack of technical design knowledge within the sector. Additionally, the hygroscopic properties are insufficiently understood, which further hinders the integration of bio-based materials into building designs. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to develop validated 1:5 scale bio-based façade wall reference details for residential top-up buildings that perform well in reducing thermal bridges and ensuring effective moisture transport. The research combines a literature review with research-by-design and digital simulations. Initially, the advantages and disadvantages of bio-based construction materials over conventional ones are examined. Following this, five bio-based materials (cork, flax, hemp, straw, and wood) are selected and incorporated into the developed bio-based reference details. Design principles were first established to ensure the correct implementation of these materials. In total, this thesis presents 11 detail configurations, consisting of 33 validated bio-based reference details. These details were evaluated using the simulation software WUFI for moisture transport, mould growth, surface condensation, and thermal bridges. The thesis outlines both the methodology and the results. The first configuration is discussed in detail in the main report, while the remaining ten validated configurations are included in the appendix. In addition, this thesis presents 33 additional reference details which were not validated but are expected to show similar performance to the validated ones. Based on the simulation results, most of the detail configurations meet the requirements for moisture regulation and thermal performance. The isopleth analyses indicate that mould growth does not occur within the tested material layers in most configurations. Furthermore, no surface condensation was observed at the most critical points within the details. The results also comply with Dutch regulations regarding limited thermal bridging, with the measured values comparable to those of the ‘ISSO reference details’. These simulation results hereby demonstrate that the developed bio-based reference details can be effectively used in residential top-up buildings. However, the established design principles and vapour permeability must be maintained. When applied correctly, the selected bio-based materials can prevent mould growth and surface condensation, while keeping thermal bridging to a minimum. Although the simulations provide valuable insights, the validation is limited by the exclusive use of WUFI. Next, only a medium moisture load for indoor climates and the NEN 5060 for outdoor climates are used making the assessments only representative for the Netherlands. Future research could validate the results using alternative simulation software and by considering various climatic and moisture conditions. Before the developed details can be applied in the Dutch market, additional research must explore the remaining building physics aspects and structural requirements. Nevertheless, the developed design principles and validated reference details provide a solid foundation for the further implementation of bio-based construction in Dutch residential buildings.

Modern wall systems are constructed by overlayering toxic, petrochemical materials. Hempcrete can replace this complex stack as a monolithic wall that serves structure, insulation, moisture buffering, acoustic damping and fire resistance in one single material. Hemp shiv and a lime binder form a self-supporting mass whose performance depends parameters like density, compaction methods, binder-to-hemp ratio and shiv orientation. Under a 75% end-of-life recycling scenario, hempcrete removes a net 14 kg CO2-equivalent per functional unit from the atmosphere, making it a carbon-negative building material. Field observation on a full-scale hempcrete wall show that the manufacturing workflow is still artisanal, subjective and weather-dependent, leading to high labour demands and unreliable wall performance.

This research aims to produce a self-standing and insulating hempcrete wall with predictable performance. An experiment is set up, varying manufacturing parameters: layer height, compaction factor, orientation and binder type. Layers thinner than 10cm and compaction above 50% prevented interlayer density gradients, preserving hygrothermal properties and providing a safe mechanical margin. Top-down compaction increased compressive strength exponentially, but showed big settlement. Monolithic hempcrete still needs extra stability. Strategies proposed in this research include altering mix design, section geometry or integrating natural reinforcements. However, life-cycle recalculations show a carbon-neutral ceiling: further increasing density, binder ratio or wall thickness should be done with care, to keep the overall emissions net-negative.

Decision-making in early-stage design often lacks robust methods for evaluating circularity, resulting in outcomes that may not fully realize their potential for efficiency. This research presents the development of a computational tool or “Intelligent Design Assistant” that employs Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to deliver real-time assessments of life-cycle performance and material usage for modular designs. By utilizing user-defined, simplified early-stage representations, the tool provides actionable insights into both design and environmental performance. A central point of this approach is the adoption of a graph-based framework where each building module is represented as a node, and its interactions with neighboring modules are captured through connecting edges. This framework not only reflects the intrinsic properties of each module, but it also dynamically evaluates how a module’s characteristics evolve based on its spatial and functional relationships. Although the study focuses on laminated veneer lumber (LVL)—selected for its extensive environmental data—the scalable machine learning model is designed to be applicable to a wide range of construction methods and materials. Through experimental validation, the integration of GNNs has been shown to enhance early design decision-making by providing real-time feedback. The model achieves an accuracy of approximately 85% -90% under conditions similar to the training data. This capability enables designers, clients, and other stakeholders to engage in informed discussions about design modifications and circularity measures well before detailed construction planning begins, thereby promoting more sustainable and circular design practices across the industry.

This research explores the potential of mycelium-based composites (MBCs) as a sustainable and innovative building material, emphasizing the critical importance of adopting material-driven approaches to fully explore the unique properties of MBC.By focusing on the material itself, this study investigates the processes involved in its manufacturing, the interaction between fungal species and substrates, and the optimal environmental conditions for optimizing its mechanical and functional properties.

Through a multidisciplinary approach combining material science, engineering, and architectural design, this research presents an integrated process of experimentation and prototype development that results in the creation of complex-shaped partition wall blocks. These blocks are made entirely from MBCs, using mycelium as both the primary material and the bio-based binder, highlighting the potential of MBC to replace traditional materials in non-load bearing building applications. The study demonstrates that mycelium-based composites can be engineered into lightweight and biodegradable building components, offering significant advantages in terms of sustainability and circularity.

While challenges remain in terms of the mechanical strength and durability of MBCs compared to conventional building materials, this research highlights the potential for material-driven innovation. The results show several versatile applications such as wall panels, non-structural components, and partition elements. By increasing the knowledge of the properties and behaviour of mycelium-based composites, this study lays the foundation for the integration of bio-based materials into sustainable building practices and encourages further research into optimizing their life cycle and scalability. The resulting innovative partition wall block represents one of the many options possible with MBC, and is a significant step towards a circular, nature-inspired approach to building technology.

This research discusses the use of historic bio-based binders for possible material enhancement of rammed earth constructions in Northwestern Europe. Potential material enhancements of rammed earth are concluded by considering the research scope and a summary of the history of rammed earth. With the use of an overview and a matrix of potential (historic) bio-based binders, the most suitable binders for material enhancement are concluded. Experimental research is conducted using samples containing beet sugar products and samples containing chicken egg. Additionally, samples containing cement and samples without any binder are tested, to compare the changes in the material behaviour. For this testing, testing methods are designed. The research findings suggest that dehydrated chicken egg albumen as a binder significantly improves rammed earth material in resistance against weathering (water, frost, abrasion).

This thesis explores the potential of integrating waste-based fillers from the food waste industry into bio-composites for facade applications.
The limited use of waste materials in building products, combined with a rising demand in sustainable materials, leaves the opportunity for new fully bio-based building material from underutilised by-products.
The approach involves integrating organic waste as granular filler into polymeric composites.
The methodology consists of a literature review and three experimental phases: identifying and evaluating various food waste sources for the use as fillers, optimizing grain size and composition of the recipe, and assessing the best-performing filler combinations in facade panel designs regarding sustainability and structural merits.

Spent coffee and walnut shells were identified as promising fillers, while the shells of cacao beans, de-oiled coffee grounds and cherry pits did not perform well as fillers. The walnut shell composites, especially those with 55% filler of a blend of different grain sizes, resulted in the most promising balance between of mechanical properties and filler content.

The results indicate that walnut shell-based composites exhibit promising structural characteristics and a lower carbon impact compared to conventional facade materials. However, further research is required to explore their potential in other applications. This project illustrates the viability of using bio-composites with waste-based fillers in building products, presenting a sustainable alternative to traditional materials.

In the light of climate change and environmental challenges such as a nitrogen crisis, a decreasing biodiversity and waterlogging, the Dutch government is trying to build 900 000 homes by 2030 while aiming for a reduction of 55% of CO2 in the construction industry. Biobased topping-up of existing tenement flats is proposed as a solution to tackle several issues. A literature review revealed that a top-up structure has the ability to limit the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of housing. From a set of seven biobased resources, wood, hemp, flax, straw, miscanthus, cattail and seaweed, it was concluded that the current Dutch stock is not sufficient to construct all 100 000 required top-ups with locally sourced biobased materials. Scaling up to a sufficient amount of resources by 2030 requires the right allocation of material over the Dutch landscape, and for the region of Zuid-Holland the right allocation over a peat region, a clay region and a sand region. This is necessary because this cultivation can help break the nitrogen impasse and boost the biodiversity. Furthermore, most resources do not compete with food production. A design for a top-up could be constructed with materials that were sourced within 50km reach. The comparison of GWPs of different variations on the design for the top-up showed that the variations with biobased insulation do not always perform better as an additional layer of fire-proofing had to be added to the construction. Biobased materials do however have the capacity to store biogenic carbon which should be taken into account. Knowing this, the Dutch government and the province of Zuid-Holland should try to construct as many top-ups with locally sourced biobased materials as possible, since it is the quickest way to Paris-proof housing.

As the housing shortage in the Netherlands increases, students have a harder time finding living spaces. On top of that, there has been an increase in psychological issues and feelings of loneliness among students. This loneliness can be exacerbated by the focus on building large studio apartment complexes without collective spaces. The proposed solution for both these problems is community housing (co-housing). In this paper we are going to research if co-housing can indeed decrease loneliness among students while intensifying the use of space and we will research the willingness of students to share their space. A boardgame was developed to establish TU Delft students’ attitudes towards co-housing, offering insights to inform the design of future housing compositions. The main question in this research was: How can the spatial, social, and emotional preferences of TU Delft students be systematically mapped to inform design decisions related to their loggings? The literature review on co-housing showed that co-housing can reduce the spatial need per individual and provides strong possibilities for social and emotional bonds which could reduce loneliness. Data gathered from the boardgame revealed that the majority (68.4%) of TU Delft students are willing to pursue co-housing principles to achieve a reduction in rent and climate impact. This makes co-housing a potential typology for student housing to intensify the use of space and create a possibility to reduce loneliness.

This research, structured in a six-phase iterative framework, decodes the rationale behind complex façade geometries & their dependence on conventional materials. Parallel with rising climate consciousness, the built environment is searching for mechanically competent, lower-impact material alternatives in the façade sector compatible with existing production infrastructure.
Literature finds potential within emergent natural fibre-reinforced polymers that fit the bill. As the pairing of Flax fibres and PLA constituents emerges as the best scientific fit, commercial façade products with natural fibre-reinforced polymers do not exist yet.

The review identified a significant research gap in fibrous biocomposites; despite existing research on the economic composite sheet-forming techniques, complex structures using developable surfaces on fibrous composite materials are yet to be reported. This study rethinks conventional cladding systems, connects the research gap to the built environment's quest, and questions biocomposites' viability as sheet materials for façade applications.
The methodology involved empirical inquiries at every level in developing a fibre-reinforced biocomposite with the geometric capabilities required of conventional façade material standards. The system design led to a 100% biobased laminate material – a Flax-PLA biocomposite – capable of adapting to developable surface geometries.

A systematic approach was developed using sheet-forming concepts to evaluate the ability of the biocomposite to be reshaped without compromising its structural integrity. Positioning the research with circular R-strategies, this study documents the pioneering attempt for continuous natural-fibre composites, demonstrating developability as an intrinsic material property never proved.
Key findings upon an extensive testing program reveal that the biocomposite retains its original strength and durability even after reshaping, demonstrating its potential for a circular loop. A lifecycle impact assessment and comparative analysis benchmarked the material with virgin aluminium sheet metal, showing promising carbon equivalent savings using the Flax-PLA panels. The biobased panels present significantly lower overall implications, even considering their current shorter service life, which can extend soon.

The findings demonstrate the feasibility of Flax-PLA composites as a circular and biobased alternative to conventional cladding materials. Forming and reshaping these panels into flat sheets without distortion allows for reusability and repurposing, retaining their embodied energy across multiple life stages. This paper proved developability with a scalable strategy as a catalyst for future research on biobased materials and to strengthen their presence in the built environment.

Global displacement has been rapidly increasing over the last decades and is expected to rise even further in the upcoming years due to the negative impacts of climate change and more frequent and severe weather events. This highlights the growing demand for sustainable housing for the displaced. Transitional housing is a structurally sound interim shelter for a maximum duration of about three years, which by essence is designed to be relocated. Though such units have a potential to be partially or fully reused, in reality, high investments, inflexible designs, and negative environmental impacts deem them an undesirable option.

The research aims to integrate circular building principles into the design process of transitional housing units (THUs) to help bring economical value back to the donors, strengthen the community resilience and retain material value. By examining existing transitional housing options and their lifecycle, stakeholder involvement, and circularity principles in the built environment, the thesis develops a suggestive tool for circularity informed design decisions, while introducing a circular transitional housing design proposal for the extreme conditions of upper Sindh province, Pakistan.

The literature review highlights the lack of information on the end-of-life phase of transitional housing units. The most common scenarios, as well as circular alternatives, are mapped out. Circular building principles across the topics of materials, design, manufacturing, and management, are investigated for their ability to be integrated in humanitarian construction. This provides the scientific basis for the development of a recommendation set and a visual evaluation tool for THU planners. The efficacy of the suggestive tool is shown through the design proposal.

The extreme conditions of repeated flooding and high temperatures in upper Sindh necessitate resilient design strategies. Vernacular inspired passive techniques and the use of locally available biobased materials, such as bamboo and hemp, are proposed to mitigate temperature impacts and enhance sustainability. Design principles such as design for disassembly, and adaptability, are implemented as a means to increase the circularity potential of the developed THU. The design proposal portrays the unit as a stock of valuable components, which can be reintroduced in the local economy at the end of the displacement period – a material bank.

Incorporating circularity in transitional housing projects has the potential to foster innovation in the humanitarian sector, which in turn could also be applied to tackling challenges faced by conventional architecture. The findings contribute to the development of circularity practices in the humanitarian sector, thus contributing to the well-known principle of do-no-harm.

The building industry is one of the most resource-demanding and polluting industries in the world. Therefore there is a need to apply the circular economy principles within the industry enabling the transition towards a circular built environment. This transition requires the reuse of building components. However current practice shows that only components with high building quality or economic value are reused. Meanwhile, most buildings listed for demolition consist of low-quality and low economic valued building components. This is the case in post-war neighbourhoods resulting in a lot of construction and demolition waste. The paper investigates all factors that influence the value of building components in order to increase the rate of reuse. These factors are based on literature and summarized in a table of 23 factors. The post-war neighbourhood Boerhaavewijk in Haarlem serves as a case study to show how to determine the value of building components. The results show that post-war building components have value and reuse potential. The reclaimed building components are used in a primary school in the Boerhaavewijk.

In recent years, the Netherlands has witnessed a growing housing shortage, prompting an ambitious plan by the government to address the demand through increased construction of new housing until 2050. Moreover, as part of environmental commitments, new dwellings and existing housing stock must align with current energy performance standards and the circular goals by the same target year. Hence, exploring alternative ways of increasing housing capacity
is crucial to meet the growing demand while ensuring alignment with the environmental requirements.
This research examines timber top-up’s structural feasibility and circular potential to expand existing dwellings’ area as an alternative to a common practice: deconstruct followed by building new. Furthermore, provide an approach to the circular principle of Reuse to transition existing Reinforce Concrete structure in dwellings from a linear to a circular economy. The present thesis consists of a literature review analysis of the potential of mass timber to top up, followed by the analysis of two local case studies that implemented this strategy. Then a dwelling with a relevant RC structure typology in the city of Deflt is selected as a case study to propose a conceptual modular structural design for a Timber Top-up system.
Three scenarios with different area capacities are proposed and tested to analyze the structural feasibility based on four structurally defined criteria (Reaction in the foundations, Utilization and reactions of the main RC structural components & timber components & deflection limit), followed by the analysis of the CO2 footprint of the Top-up scenarios. The tests are performed with the parametric structural analysis plugin Karamaba 3d, followed by the use of the software Granta Edupack with its feature Ecoaduti tool. The result showed that
topping up using mass timber is an effective strategy to reduce the Upfront embodied carbon of existing RC structures while increasing the area capacity of the building.

The development of three-dimensional cladding in architecture has witnessed significant advancements, particularly from the computer-driven design era, which started to enable the creation of intricate and elaborate shapes. However, examining various case studies has revealed the considerable environmental impacts of the materials typically employed in three-dimensional cladding. These impacts include material extraction and production, energy consumption, waste generation - and further carbon emissions - underscoring the urgent need to address these challenges.

This research aims to investigate and develop a design solution rooted in circular principles for mitigating the environmental impact of the construction industry and promoting waste-driven design. To this end, bio-based materials produced through a moulding process have been identified as promising alternatives with lower environmental footprints.

The adoption of circular strategies, including modularity and flexibility, dematerialization, the use of safe and circular materials, and design for disassembly, serves as the guiding framework for enhancing sustainability in the three-dimensional cladding. As a specific design solution, the concept of seamless tiling has been developed, enabling the continuous pattern and flexible placement of modular panels within the facade while ensuring versatility. Applying parametric design techniques is instrumental in realizing the modular panel system and accentuating its adaptability by creating diverse and versatile façade configurations that exemplify the system’s adaptability and flexibility.

Finally, to validate the material’s performance within the developed design, a prototype will be constructed and evaluated. This empirical testing will provide insights into the proposed design solution’s practicality, feasibility, and effectiveness, serving as a vital step towards practical implementation.

This academic research contributes to the discourse on sustainable architectural practices by advocating using bio-based materials with moulding and integrating circular design strategies in the three-dimensional cladding. Through the comprehensive exploration of these approaches, the study aims to advance the understanding and realization of how three-dimensional architectural interventions can be developed with minimized impacts and, eventually, fostering a more sustainable built environment while maximizing design flexibility.

The climate crisis poses a significant threat to our planet, and the building sector plays a big role in that regard, as it is responsible for 30% of energy consumption and 27% of emissions globally [IEA, 2022]. The sector aims to reduce its impact on the environment through different strategies like transitioning to a circular economy or reducing energy consumption through the implementation of smart systems. However, these systems contain and rely on Critical Raw Materials (CRMs), which is a topic that is so far mostly discussed in regard to renewable energy technologies.

The research shows a gap in knowledge, information, and awareness when it comes to critical materials concerns regarding the built environment, which is demonstrated in the example of an aluminium curtain wall façade. The analysis indicates that façades can indeed contain a high level of critical materials both in regard to the amount as well as the variety of different critical materials. From the research, it is concluded that (1) the use of critical raw materials needs to be reduced wherever possible and (2) if a reduction is not possible, materials need to be kept in the loop as long as possible.

Circular strategies are therefore analysed as prospective mitigation strategies of critical materials concerns. The material policy research indicates that even though the combination of critical materials and circularity in regard to the built environment is not adequately addressed as of yet, effective policymaking could be a helpful tool in regard to the transition towards a more circular built environment and help prevent future bottlenecks in the industry. As a result, the formulated recommendations indicate how policies can address the mitigation of critical materials concerns through circular strategies.

This graduation project, having as a starting point the concept of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), highlights the importance of high-density mixed-use developments around railway stations.
With this goal in mind, the station area of Amsterdam Sloterdijk was selected as a case study location. Sloterdijk is an important node within the overall transportation network and the plans of future development of the city of Amsterdam. However, the current spatial organization of the area, the high complexity, and several environmental problems are hindering its success as a place. Therefore, this graduation project, investigates through design, the potential of the area of Sloterdijk to become a sustainable and livable neighborhood, dealing with both the ongoing housing and the climate crisis in an integral way.
The primary method used in this graduation project was research by design, meaning that through several design iterations of different spatial elements, insights on the conflicts and potentials of these elements were revealed. Other methods used, included spatial mapping, literature review on the key concepts of livability, density, and TOD and lastly the method of fieldwork.
The results of this graduation project that can be extracted from the final proposal for the area of Sloterdijk, emphasize the challenges stemming from the high intensity of use and competition for space in places that function simultaneously as mobility hubs and as potentially vibrant urban districts. Key elements of the design were the intense densification and introduction of housing and other functions to the area, the substantial reduction of space allocated to mobility, the careful consideration of public space that promotes social interaction, overcoming the various infrastructural barriers, and lastly the integration of green and blue networks with the aim of providing living spaces to various species, improve local microclimate and mitigate environmental risks.

The negative effects of global climate change are experienced more clearly every day, meaning that significant alterations across all causing sectors are necessary. However, the influence of the building industry as one of the most polluting sectors, is immense, but therefore this industry also has a high potential in mitigating the greenhouse gas emissions by applying circular design principles, such as circulating products and materials, and thereby designing a more sustainable, circular and healthy living environment. Additionally, increasing the amount of nature in the built environment will also contribute to this manner, nonetheless the ongoing trend of urbanisation causes a challenging dilemma between facilitating more residences and adding extra nature to the cities. Hence, new strategies of greening cities are essential to resolve this problem, at which utilising building envelopes as hosting surfaces for fostering vegetation and fauna form a highly potential solution.

Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to design a low-tech, three-dimensional, circular façade cladding system which utilises waste materials and fosters local biodiversity in urban areas. To properly design and develop this cladding system, research has been conducted through literature and case study review in the fields of circular design and biodiversity implementation in the façade industry and by physical and digital design experimentation and modelling.

Whereas, the research phase resulted in various potential low-tech manufacturing techniques, suitable reclaimed materials, modular and Design-for-Disassembly design principles and a selection of building-reliant flora and fauna species to implement in the design of the system, collectively facilitating the guidelines for the design phase. Finally, after an extensive design process a three-dimensional façade system derived consisting of three main modular elements, constructed from merely five unique planar components. Through the principle of rotation, a total of nine variations of the modules are generated, which facilitates not only the implementation of local biodiversity, but also creates an intriguing architectural language.

From this thesis, various conclusions have been drawn, including that in order to optimise the circular value of the design, the decision has been made to select the majority of the waste materials based on their local availability whenever the system is implemented in a certain location and at a specific timeframe. Moreover, the low-tech design strategy contributes to the involvement of the system’s end-users, eventually accelerating the transitioning process and furthermore increasing people’s awareness, knowledge and interest regarding circular, sustainable and nature-inclusive design subjects.

1. Minimal intervention of vacant office building.
2. Self-organized interactive and independent community for future tenants to rejoin the civil society. A complex of living, working, and learning.
3. Slow and small energy strategy including rainwater collection, food forest, and PV panel positioning.
4. Circular business model act as guidelines for all design decisions.