The Dutch market has been seeing an growing interest in electric bicycles in recent years. While the trend was propelled by elderly wishing to use a bicycle longer, the e-bike market has shown the potential to loose its stigma and expand to people of other age-groups. The urban commuter as a target group demands for a faster and more attractive type of electric bicycle: from Pedelec (<25 km/h) to Speed-Pedelec (<45 km/h) to a bicycle that can keep up with other motorized vehicles: the Super-Pedelec (over 45km/h). Spaac, a young Dutch company that designs, produces and sells motorized bicycles with a unique timeless appearance based on early 1900s motorcycles, wants to explore the possibilities to add a Super-Pedelec to their product line. The Spaac S7 is able to reach speeds up to 70 km/h which requires a re-evaluation of comfort and safety measures. While Super-Pedelecs are not allowed on Dutch roads yet, this thesis dives into the possible future of Super-Pedelecs and how their comfort and safety are assured and increased compared to the current pedelecs. The final design for the Spaac S7 achieved this by revising the frame (stiffness, seating position), suspension, road holding, ergonomics, visibility and power.

Inner cities increasingly suffer from congestion and pollution. Besides being a nuisance, these traffic jams cost society an enormous sum of money annually (est. €3 billion in 2015). Still many businesses use unwieldy commercial vans in tiny, crowded city streets. Urban Arrow (UA) offers slender alternatives in the form of high quality, modular, electric cargo bikes. Whereas their Family bike is a holistic product, the Cargo lacks refinement and character. Particularly in the rapidly growing market, a new level cargo case with a clear identity is imperative. User research shows that mainly a combination of improvements in function and workflow is desired. Research on aesthetics presented implementing automotive styling is applicable, for taking its design to the next step. Extensive sketching and CAD with an automotive styling mindset, led to a multifunctional, holistic case. A sound and secure container with 430L of room (versus the former 300L), that doubles as a flatbed carrier for unwieldy cargo. The panels allow to be flat packed when pre-assembled, the basalt composite material allows easy modifications and additions. Workflow is improved by employing a two-part lid and adding a more adaptable lock mechanism. The use of basalt fibre composite makes for a strong yet thin body, and that modifications be possible.

KLM, a Dutch airline, is renowned for their high levels of services and customer experiences. With their purpose ‘moving your world by creating memorable experiences’, maintaining those high levels of services is important. Cabin crew is for a big part responsible for those high levels of services. Making cabin crew feel the best of them and reaching optimal staff behaviour are therefore important goals of their managing department Inflight Services. For that reason, many tools for cabin crew have been developed and KLM has gone through multiple digital transformations. Although much effort is put into creating the optimal working climate, cabin crew suffers from information overload. This has led to the aim of this graduation project, namely reducing information overload among cabin crew. The thesis followed the X way of working. Starting with the SHERLOCK phase, a literature review and a channel, organisation and crew analysis has been done. The analyses showed factors playing a role in the occurrence of information overload. Additionally, it showed that channels are used by the organisation as a gate to push information to crew, while cabin crew wishes to pull the information according to their needs. This has led to the design challenge ‘making cabin crew feel up to date’. The intended solution should guide the organisation in becoming more crew centric, understanding the cabin crew needs in regards to information and with that move from a push to a future minded pull strategy. The following MICKEY phase aimed ideating solutions. The future vision was specified and learnings were drawn from strategies applied by other companies. The phase closed with a set of hypotheses. In the LEGO phase, the hypotheses were tested with minimum viable products. These tests showed that needs of cabin crew differ per phase of the journey and what the exact needs in each phase of journey were. The following DUMMY phase aimed at translating all these findings into a framework for the organisation and tangible solutions for crew. In multiple design cycles, the DUMMY phase closes with The Information Compass. The information Compass is the final deliverable of this thesis. The tool includes information-needs of crew per phase of the journey and can be used by the organisation to navigate those needs. The tool is written in the same style as the branding strategy and with that aims at creating coherence between the communication and organisation strategies. Ultimately, the tool aims at making cabin crew feel up to date. The information compass comes with a guide and 10 cheat sheets; one for each action crew undertakes. The cheat sheets give explanation about the needs and a clear, tangible example fulfilling the needs. The validation phase showed that cabin crew are enthusiastic about the solutions designed. The organisation values the solution and aims at using the tool to become more crew-centric in the way they send information and in the developed apps, and with that make cabin crew feel up to date. The thesis concludes with recommendations for future designs.

In the process of urbanization, cities are becoming ever larger and denser, a process accompanied by a dramatic decrease in water permeable surface area. In addition to this, due to climate change, several areas are experiencing extended periods of heavy rainfall and serious droughts, resulting in an increasing water problem in many cities. A major challenge is to find a good balance between measures preventing an overload of rainwater leading to urban flooding and providing a solution for times when there is a scarcity of water, which currently result in unwanted effects like restrictions for water use. The Dakdokters is a company that works on a solution for these problems using an underused place, rooftops. Their core business is designing and installing green roofs in order to increase the benefits of greenery in cities. In 2013 they realized that their green roofs could maybe be combined with an open water storage system that could serve as a water buffer. This was the start of a project called “Polder Roof” (polderdak). The Polder Roof makes use of a WRB (Water Retention Box) layer underneath a green roof. Large amounts of rainwater which would normally be discharged in the sewage system, are temporarily stored in these boxes on the roof. This not only reduces the pressure on the sewage system during periods of heavy rainfall, but the stored water can subsequently be used for e.g. irrigation of the green roof, or for applications like toilet flushing, leading to a decrease in the use of high quality tap water. Technically it is necessary to be able to precisely control the amounts of water stored. This is achieved by a semi-automatic system, called the Smart Flow Control (SFC), which uses various sensors and electric actuation for control. In addition, it can be controlled over the internet by external operators. Assignment Currently several prototypes of SFC controlled Polder roofs are installed on 7 different rooftops in Amsterdam. These prototypes function as a proof of concept. However, for the final market implementation some parts of the concept need improvement: First of all there is the costs aspect. In order to be competitive with other water retention solutions, the Polder Roof should become less expensive per m3 of water storage. A decrease in investment costs as well as in the yearly costs of maintenance and data subscriptions are needed. Secondly, the current products fail too often, leading to high maintenance costs. Thirdly, although not important when it comes to functionality, the design of the system must be aesthetically pleasing, especially in cases where the green roof is going to be combined rooftop park-like settings on the rooftop, visited by e.g. personnel of companies. The assignment of the Dakdokters for the project described here, focused foremost on the design of the regulatory valve and its housing. In the course of the project the rest of the system was also analysed to identify any other optimizations needed. The outcome of the project can be divided in the following analyses and results: Step 1: Exploring the context The input of different stakeholders was obtained in interviews, especially with a view to critically assess the wanted functionalities of the Polder Roof, since a reduction in these could possibly result in a less complex product, reduced parts costs and increased reliability due to less parts that could fail. Not just the market context, but also the technological implications of the roof context was analysed. Step 2: Analysis of the current product All current parts were critically analysed with respect to their functionality, costs and reliability. The reliability analysis not only comprised to regular wear through usage, but also to sensitivity to external factors, such as water pollution. These analyses corroborated the idea that the biggest improvements could be made by redesigning the valve and housing of the SFC, concomitantly also improving the installation procedure. The latter is important since in many cases multiple SFC’s need to be placed , due to the fact that roofs are never totally flat but have a slight slope, requiring multiple basins , each with their own SFC for the optimal water storage. Therefore I first concentrated on redesigning the valve and its housing. Step 3: Analysis of the current product These analyses led to a personal design vision of the full system. Together with a function map that was checked by the company and its most important partner, Optigroen, this resulted in a complete overview of all desired functionalities of the new Polder Roof and a program of requirements. Step 4: Product development of the valve and the housing. Multiple brainstorm sessions resulted in several new ideas, which were evaluated in expert meetings, using prototypes and (CAD)-sketches. I designed a new way of operating the valve, using a rotational actuator. The expensive, non-functional and not very aesthetically pleasing windmill shape of the current housing was simplified into a droplet shape, making it cheaper to produce while still being iconic. This housing was optimized for easy manufacturing and installation and improved safety of the system. These concepts were bundled into a final new concept. Step 5: Embodying the concept In the final design phase the concept was further embodied. Several optimizations using tests with a full scale prototype and meetings with experts led to final concept of the SFC which is focused on an easy and cost-effective production and installation process. A concept for the parts needed for the connectivity of all SFC’s on the roof, using a new micro-controller, reducing the investment and yearly costs and a new scenario for the software using rain radar data was designed. Step 6: Evaluation of the new product. In the final phase an evaluation was done on the functionality, the reliability, the costs and the aesthetics of the new design. These evaluation proved that a the new design is less expensive, easier to install on different types of roofs, easy to maintain and more reliable. In addition, it proved aesthetically pleasing to the stakeholders. Apart from these conclusions the results of these evaluations led to recommendations for further development of the SFC, of which the most important is the following: In order to accurately test the new design it is necessary to built a full size test set up with which roof conditions can be simulated. This set-up should including multiple variations in roof lay-out and amount of water storage. It can similarly act as a demonstration model

Urbee is a smart BSSs (bicycle sharing system) which targets private companies as their customers. Unlike common city BSSs that are run by municipalities, Urbee stations can be installed on the diverse environment that cannot be as sufficient and perfect as the space of common city BSSs. This project is about proposing the solution for this specific context. A nomadic docking station, semi-permanent, architecture which can fit to different given spaces with high adaptability is proposed in this report. To meet the diverse demands of private BSS in the future, the implementation of system should be flexible. The modularized docking station provides four main types of efficient parking configurations. The amount of bikes is changeable depending on the space dimension. The non-excavating installation allows the station can be relocated easily. All these parking configurations can be constructed with the same set of station components. The image of the next-gen Urbee docking station can be determined after the project. A lower threshold for implement Urbee system for customers, which also helps Urbee to increase the business expandability. A higher mobility and adaptability that system could be quickly adjusted, according to diverse environments and needs. The higher smartised system which provide more intuitive and easier user experience.

1.3 billion people in the world lack access to electricity (International Energy Agency (2013). The largest share of this group is poor and lives in the developing world, and has to deal with unmet basic needs. Having the possibility to use reliable and clean energy is seen as a driver for social development and environmental sustainability. Having access to energy is also often linked to economic growth and has a positive impact on health. (Gradl & Knobloch, 2011) Improving energy access is therefore a hot topic worldwide. With a Solar Home System (SHS), energy can be generated and used on a household level at places where the electric grid does not reach. The main components of a SHS are a solar panel for the generation of electricity, a battery for energy storage and balance of system (BoS) components, including power electronics, to coordinate the flows of energy. SHS are offered by multiple companies worldwide, and come in various configurations. The smallest SHS are capable of powering for example LED lights, phones and/or a radio, while larger SHS can power for example televisions and fans. Generally speaking, SHSs are increasing in size. This is due to dropping prices of system components. Where in 2003 a SHS of 20 Wp was economically competitive with kerosene lamps, in 2015 this was already 70-80 Wp. (Chattopadhyay, Bazilian and Peter Lilienthal, 2015) The conventional technologies are likely to dominate the SHS the upcoming years. Proven technologies are favourable as reliability is key for SHSs. This means that most of the SHSs in the future will rely on crystalline silicon panels and lead-acid batteries. In the future, li-ion battery technologies will become competitive as prices are dropping...

A large number of new products and services, such as electric cars, solar panels, and electric boats are introduced and play an important role during sustainability transitions. However, when introduced, these new products do not fit with established aspects of society such as expectations, habits, and infrastructures, leading to low levels of legitimacy. Based on the definition of Suchman (1995) I define the legitimacy of products as: The generalized perception or assumption that the use of a product category is appropriate, proper, or desirable within a specific context of physical objects and elements and a socially constructed system of norms, values, rules, beliefs, and expectations. Legitimacy is seen as a prerequisite for large--‐ scale adoption of new products and services...@en

This report is the final deliverable for the master track ‘Design for Interaction’ of the faculty of Industrial Design Engineering at the Technical University of Delft. It describes the process and results of the graduation project ‘Assuring the occurrence of intended learning situations in a nautical simulator’ that is executed in cooperation with VSTEP, a Dutch company that develops simulators and visual training software. VSTEP learned from its customers that Nautis is suffering from usability issues. It is initially not described where these issues are located. The project therefore starts with desk research, analysing Nautis’ current system. Additional expert interviews are conducted and literature research is executed. Observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted with instructors, the endusers, at five organisations that use Nautis. This has demonstrated that instructors are have a relatively small fraction of time available to develop scenarios. A scenario implies a virtual environment in which target vessels are following pre-specified routes, in order to mimic nautical traffic and thereupon form learning situations for the trainee. A significant amount of the little available time goes into testing and subsequently modifying. Testing usually occurs by the instructor entering one of the bridges connected to the simulator and sailing through his created scenario. Testing suggests verifying the behaviour of target vessels along their respective routes in order to prevent collisions with others, while at the same time checking if learning situations are encountered by a trainee vessel as intended. Modifications are made to the scenario when it does not come out as desired, and extra learning situations are added to accommodate different trainee performances, i.e., their pace through the scenario. This would allow for a better comparison of trainee performances. After modifying a scenario, it is again tested. Nautis offers an inefficient way of developing scenarios, which leaves instructors doubting if a trainee will reach the training goals properly. Therefore it is decided to focus on creating a solution for instructors which them to efficiently design learning situations in scenarios that allow for comparing trainee performance in order to assure that learning goals are reached. A design is proposal consisting of three components; an event creator, a trigger system, and a route generating algorithm. Each component supports the user in efficiently creating learning situations as intended. The first two components have been designed through an iterative process, suggesting sketching, prototyping, and user testing. Seven prototypes were made to validate concepts and test interactions with 13 unique participants. Some participants have tested multiple prototypes. Three instructors have taken part in the user tests. The algorithm is evaluated on its feasibility with an AI expert and desirability with an instructor. The route creator enables the user to efficiently draw out learning situations. A timeline is used to give the instructor quick access to any given timeframe in his scenario. When drawing a route for a target vessel, the currently displayed timeframe moves forward concordantly to the time it takes the particular vessel to travel the distance between the previous and the new waypoint. All target vessels in the scenario are displayed at their respective locations associated to the current timeframe. This offers the instructors direct insight whether a collision occurs, and can as such be immediately avoided. The trigger system allows the instructor to connect specific locations for target vessels in a learning situation to a manually drawn trigger area. The system assures that the target vessels sail their routes following the specified locations when the trainee enters the area with his vessel. This way the learning situation happens as intended by the instructor, independent of the trainee’s performance up until the trigger area. The route generating algorithm is used to save time on scenario development. Instructors are enabled to focus on drawing relevant parts of routes for target vessels that form learning situations. Parts that are deemed irrelevant, i.e., prior to or after a learning situation, are generated to lead the target vessels out of the trainees view. It is calculated that through the design proposal instructors can save more than 80% of their time on the development of a single scenario, ergo more time can be spend on the quality and the variety of the scenarios. Furthermore provides the assurance of the occurrence of learning situations them more guidance during the actual training sessions, and offers better comparison of trainee performances. To conclude, it can thus be stated that the design proposal would support an improvement in educational use of Nautis.

Residential housing has to become more sustainable to meet global energy goals (Silvester et al., 2017), yet the challenge is to integrate the refurbishments that reduce energy with the way people live. The context of this project is the 2ndSKIN project, which refurbishes houses to become zero energy. Zero energy houses are more airtight as a result of improved insulation, therefore ventilation becomes increasingly important. Yet, residents struggle to integrate the new balanced ventilation system into their practices. Residents use the system different from how it is intended. This does not only impact energy goals (Behar & Chiu, 2013) but can also result in decreased comfort and unhealthy situations. Hence, the aim of the project is to support residents to transition their practices in zero energy homes. The project first described the practice of maintaining indoor air quality to identify points that hinder a transition of the practice. Insights show that the lack of feedback of the ventilation system makes residents insecure and makes it hard to understand the system. Besides, associations that mismatch the new material make residents reluctant to use the balanced ventilation systems. In the concept phase, I generated ideas to improve feedback and foster desirable associations with the ventilation system. Through the iterations, I learned feedback on functioning and on the systems’ activity helps residents. It helps them to trust the system is working, understand what the system is doing and develop appreciation for it. The final concept is the feedback fan. This add-on to ventilation valves spins on the supplied air. In a natural way, it provides residents with feedback. An evaluation proved that with increased feedback, residents are able to incorporate the system in their daily routines and even align their own actions to the systems’ activity. Future steps are to make a solid prototype and develop the service around it. Besides, future design projects can continue on other identified points that hinder the transition of practices. Moreover, insights about feedback of the ventilation system and the practice of maintaining indoor air quality will be valuable, when designing future ventilation systems. In conclusion, both the final design and the insights of the project can contribute to a transition of residents’ practices zero energy homes.

Context We live in a world in which many share the goal to live sustainable and every year new regulations are made to lower our national environmental footprint. For example, after 2020 all new buildings need to be nearly energy neutral. Therefore, the building sector is rapidly innovating and new solutions are launched to the market every day. All those new innovations support achieving the goal for 2020, but don’t we forget something? Someone? Exactly! While everyone focusses on the energy efficiency of those buildings, we tend to forget that actual people need to live there and that they have needs and desires of their own. Therefore, this report is all about the residents. Research Research is done to find out how residents currently experience their energy neutral homes. The results display the needs of these residents in the process of adapting their lifestyle towards their energy neutral homes. The conclusion that can be drawn is that residents miss information that is about them, how they can live, rather than about the systems and how those function. They do not care about a Comfort or Eco mode on the heat pump, they care about taking a nice and warm shower. They also do not care about high insulation and ventilation in their home, they want the feeling of fresh air in their homes. Design To support residents of energy neutral homes in starting to live energy neutrally and forming a comfortable lifestyle, two concepts are developed in this project. The first concept is a welcome box that residents receive when they just moved in their homes. The aim is to create a moment in which residents stop with what they were doing and think of their new living situation. The box contains a shower timer, a pair of socks and some infographics. Those are meant to make the residents think about their new situation and to provide additional information focussed on how they can live and deal with their home in certain situations. The second concept is an online portal. Residents can log in on this portal and find information about different aspects of their home, like heating, cooling, ventilation, etc. This information focusses on how residents can live comfortably and energy neutrally and are communicated as visually as possible by adding illustrations and videos. On the insight page, residents can get insights in the data that are available about their home. For example about how much energy is generated by their solar panels and how much energy is consumed by the household and the installation. Lastly, residents can use the portal when they have questions, they can find contact information and easily browse through the frequently asked questions. All in all, these two concepts are developed for the residents of energy neutral buildings and will support them in forming their own comfortable and energy neutral lifestyle before, during and after moving in their energy neutral homes.

This graduation report describes the motivation and processing that resulted in the Zesturn. The product is designed to make vegetable trimmings and leftovers, which are otherwise discarded, directly available for cooking in Dutch family households. The Zesturn facilitates this through converting vegetable scraps into powders that can be repurposed as natural flavourings. By analysing the context factors within family households, key aspects regarding habits, cooking knowledge, and attitudes towards food were identified. These insights were used to generate concepts and that ultimately resulted in the Zesturn. The final design is a device that enables vegetable scraps to be dried in a common household oven and can subsequently be ground into powdery flakes. Due to this transformation the vegetable trimmings and leftovers become more acceptable for future consumption, have extended shelf life, and can be efficiently fed back into the cooking process, reducing food waste as a welcoming consequence.

Although there are systems that allow you to take your infant with you on a cargo bike, there were still many prejudices and concerns on this matter. Due to the transmitted vibrations, which could be a source of discomfort and a risk to human health, experts criticized travelling with infants on bicycles and cargo bikes. An infant safety seat is the smallest child safety seat for newborns up to 10-13 kg and is properly developed according to the highest crash test standards in the automotive industry. Yet, little is known about the vibrations transmitted from the cargo bike to a child fastened in child safety seat. The graduation project includes a consideration of the health risks and discomfort likely to be caused by vibration. Made analyses and research led to the design of a spring-damper seat system for the use of infant safety seats on cargo bikes. Moreover, the outcome of the graduation project encourages further researchers to investigate how to improve health aspects and comfort of infants during travel by cargo bike. This may lead to a revision of current recommendations for infants’ suitability for travel by cargo bike, placed in an infant car seat, and also have implications for the design of infant seat systems that emphasize comfort and health during travel.