Although Architecture’s role is often confined to buildings, I see potential in its ability to transmit hyper-conceptual ideas into reality, through these partnerships. Leveraging emerging digital technologies, an outcome of blending creative disciplines can be experienced in events such as stage performances, art installations and immersive galleries. These spaces reshape our engagement with art and architecture yet can often fall short as gimmicks. Therefore, my goal is to investigate a comprehensive theory guiding the purposeful application of the techniques learnt from these spaces, merging creativity and functionality via cutting-edge technologies and design.
This study delves into the history of interactive architecture and the theories formulated by influential figures such as Cedric Price, John Frazer, Gordon Pask, and others. With a critical perspective, the research aims to build upon the contributions of these key figures, influenced by a contemplation of a paradigm shift that I believe to be occurring in recent years, leading to a renewed interest in interactive architecture. By examining contemporary leaders in this resurgence, such as iart, James Turrell, Es Devlin... etc and exploring their innovative approaches, particularly their use of performative elements and sensory experiences. The concept of performative architecture is introduced as the next stage in the evolution of interactive architecture.

Without realising it, a building can have a lot of impact on user health. Using literature studies and interviews in two case studies, we looked at how physical elements in a building affect the user's experience. These physical elements are nature, material, air, light, dimensions, smell, sound and temperature. These interviews took place in shopping malls. As it happens, more and more shopping malls are becoming vacant. The design case for this project, the Oranjerie, also experienced this. Located in the city centre of Apeldoorn, this shopping mall has been battling this vacancy for ages. In this design, I propose adding more nature, applying healthy (bio-based) materials where necessary, reusing or recycling materials, connecting indoors with outdoors more, creating multiple meeting places and mixing different functions. By opening up the traffic area, but still keeping the roof, an adaptable space is created with a climate that changes throughout the seasons. Through these interventions, I hope to create a healthy environment where people feel comfortable and can meet. By creating multiple types of spaces, it creates a lively area where people can shop, live, eat or just unwind.

Light, shadow and shade are at the foundation of our cartesian understanding of 3D space. Where light falls on matter the difference in shading allows us to see this space. However, light also breaks this understanding creating the potential for a phenomenological understanding instead. Which is seen with an extradimensionality in certain situations, where space does not make sense. In this moment, where matter falls on light, the very fabric of the world is distorted. This thesis investigates what happens in between these moments, the infinite movement within the finite moment. The spatial implications of the movement between states are echoed in the material approach, where the relation between figure and ground is investigated and reversed. The polished building and the resulting quarry become the polished quarry and the resulting built form. Creating a monolithic structure, suspended in different states, at once a careful balance between addition and subtraction and between matter and light as principal shaper of space.

The distance between the elderly and others is very large. This means that you have less to do with each other, know less about each other and this means that the distance is getting bigger all the time. The institutional buildings have a kind of imaginary “boundery” around their building, difficult to get in and to get in touch with the elderly. In the book “most people are good,” Rutger Bregman argues that the threshold that people would do more for each other has to do with distance between people. If you are farther away from someone you are less attempt to do something for the other. (Bregman, 2019). And with this distance comes fear of the ignorant “ignorance frightens the unknown.” Because the group of elderly people is growing the care can not handle it all. The moments of contact is getting smaller and smaller. And because of this problem and the fact that elderly are not getting in touch with others there a is a lot of loneliness. The observation of ethnographic research has led to several points of improvement: 1. The distance should be reduced between elderly but also all the users of space. We need to go ‘‘from forced to being alone to chosen to be alone’’ 2. Creating a sense of belonging If you would create space that stimulate that people are being seen and heard people feel appreciated. By creating a sense of belonging you would get more familiar with one another. 3. Get more familiar with one another By getting more familiar with one another you would do more for one another. If we take care for echater less care is needed. The goal is that by reducing the distance you create a sense of belonging and familiarity with each other. And this means that you would rather help someone, which means that the care would be partially relieved. The goal is to create an environment in Leiden where connection is stimulated. Distances are reduced. Spaces are designed to stimulated the spontaneous encounter. In my opinion we should design housing that is not only suitable for elderly but for several target groups. Making a distinction between elderly housing and others immediately creates distances between elderly and other users of space. So creating environment where several target groups life together where they can take care of one another. This eventually led to my research question: ''To what extent could reducing distances between users of space trigger a form of spatial design that create a sense of belonging and familiarity among people through the lens of elderly? ''

You can find them in almost any major cultural city. Combinations of museum-clusters and public parks: museum-parks. What are the (urban) advantages of these cultural clusters in the middle of the city and what role does the museum-park play in the urban fabric? In this architectural study of museum-clusters, Sophie Kugel dissects four museum-parks on different topics, such as spatial composition, route and architectural representation. By creating drawings on different scales for each case study, all four museum-parks can be well compared in order to answer the research question: What is the interaction between the museum-park and the public space in the city and in what architectural way makes the museum-park use of the advantages of museumclustering?

Biodiversity in the Netherlands has been under alarming pressure for many years. Historical drivers of biodiversity loss have been agriculture and urbanization, through causing environmental pressure, loss of natural habitat and fragmentation of habitat for numerous species and ecosystems (PBL, 2014). Pressure on biodiversity remains high today as the limited amount of land in the Netherlands is used intensively and densely inhabited.  Biodiversity ensures the health and resilience of ecosystems (Vink, Vollaard & de Zwarte, 2017): it influences its functioning and ability to react and adapt to changes. People are dependent upon the world’s ecosystems through the ecosystem services they provide, but at the same time their actions are affecting the health and resilience of these ecosystems in a negative way. This relationship has to change fundamentally in order to ensure a healthy future for the worlds ecosystems and each species involved. Although biodiversity is generally higher in cities than in the rural areas around (Pötz, 2016; Vink, Vollaard & de Zwarte, 2017) many species are still under pressure. There is a lack of biodiverse and connected green spaces, disturbances such as light and maintenance are negatively affecting urban ecosystems and nesting opportunities for species that have become dependent upon the city are disappearing (Dramstad, Forman & Olsen, 1996; Vink, Vollaard & de Zwarte, 2017; CBS, PBL, RIVM, WUR, 2018). This in turn also negatively affects the ecosystem services available for people living in cities. Future urban development, such as inner-city densification, are expected to further contribute to these pressures, as nature is still largely excluded from urban planning and design processes (Snep & Opdam, 2013, Pötz, 2016; Vink, Vollaard & de Zwarte, 2017; Weisser & Hauck, 2017). This graduation project researches how knowledge from biodiversity, urban ecology and nature-inclusive design can be translated to urban planning and design. This is done by researching theory and at the same time studying the spatial aspects within the case study location of the Zomerhofkwartier in Rotterdam. The aim is to reach mutualist urbanism: a way of urban planning and design that provides conditions for strengthening biodiversity within ‘habitats’ that will also benefit people greatly. The found methods for a mutualist urban planning and design process consist of facilitating an ‘interwoven urban mosaic through strongly interconnected landscape elements’ (Forman, 2014) by designing for animals and people simultaneously (target species and target groups). Design principles that are then applied in design are: use, 3d connectivity, porosity, microclimate and time. Using these methods and design principles four mutualist habitats are designed for the Zomerhofkwartier that integrate within the ecological network of Rotterdam: a multi-level street, a public courtyard, a collective rooftop network and a collective garden. These mutualist environments provide a new relationship between the city and urban nature, between built structures and urban nature and between people and urban nature.

One of the most striking things bout the city of Mumbai, and more specifically Nalasopara, is the conflict visible between the formal and informal natures of the city. In a city where informal work and precarious lifestyles, are becoming ever more common, with currently 81% of india’s ecmonmy in the informal sector, the systems used to house this rapidly growing population is varied and complex but predominantly led by neoliberal and market driven economic tendencies. These systems demand a formal, top down and individual pproach towards the production of hosuing. This project aims to investigate these conflicts in the context of Mumbai and propose an architecture that can cater for needs and ambitions of the informal and precarious opulation of Nalasopara, in a way that suits the private developer and find a balance between these two mismatched systems.

With the first Five Year Plan of 1928 Stalin initiated a period of massive industrialisation of remote zones of Russia. This lead to the creation of several Monotowns, newly built industrial settlements based on one economical source or industry.
The project takes as a study case the town of Togliatti, the largest built in Soviet Union and still functioning. Constructed in the 60s as an industrial complex for FIAT car manufacturing. The plan of the city, designed by the Soviet architect Boris Rubanenko, was inspired by Ivan Leonidov’s project for Magnitogorsk, and was based on a grid of squares of one kilometer per side, each of which contained the fundamental facilities for living such as housing, commercial spaces, hospitals, schools and green areas. The fixed urban layout, together with the very regular organisation of infrastructure was planned in order to facilitate and accelerate citizen’s movements from one place to the other, minimising what was considered an unproductive time expenditure.
The city, with its very readable and concrete set of established routines, represents the fieldwork to study the creation of everyday life rituals and to understand their materialisation in architectural space. In particular, these established rituals have been unfolded in the research in order to uncover the eventual problematics that are representative of the critical condition of the city.
The current economic stagnation in Russia and the slowing down of the production, has lead the mono towns to a state of inactivity, generating lack of jobs and a general feeling of discontent in the population, proving the need of finding alternative productive sources.
Concurrently relating to the contemporary debate on the productive means of the capitalist system, the project deals with the current transformation of the concept of production, that is gradually shifting from production of goods to production of knowledge. In this scenario, the line separating life and work is blurred, and the city unfolds in an endlessly interlinked maze of spaces that don’t host any specific function and yet are able to host any.
The project investigates how architecture becomes an instrument of control, bending to the needs of the market and imposing hierarchical systems over everyday life. At the same time, the project experiments with alternative solutions that question the common way we perceive architecture, working places and educational institutions, highlighting the need of a transformation in the design processes and goals, considering architecture not as a problem solving practice or a profit maker tool but rather as a tool to investigate new ways of working and living.
More in detail, the project wants to question the possibility of liberating production from pre-imposed economical constraints, therefore challenging the necessity of accumulation and classification and most of all private property, considering knowledge as a common good instead. The criticality of this reflection acts specifically in relation to the economic system and the contemporary lack of attention that is currently experienced in the everyday life, simultaneously putting forward the necessity to improve social interaction and awareness, the processes of thinking and reflection, aiming to the creation of a consciousness that starting from the individual would eventually spread and influence the entire social body.
The intervention unfolds design concepts against classification, categorisation, compartmentalisation but also against material and immaterial accumulation. The scale of the project seeks to represent this vision and therefore surpasses the limits of what can or cannot be built to put forward an idea, an alternative that doesn’t want to be a solution but a starting point for a further reflection. In the same way, every aspect of the design is conceived to be able to be appropriated, re-interpreted and re-proposed in a different scale and condition therefore allowing the project to be not only a site specific intervention but a trigger for new ideas, questioning the way we design contemporary architecture.

The Spoorzone in Delft is an area that was once occupied by the railway. The historic city grew organically, and later expanded around this transportation hub. Nowadays, the railway is situated in a tunnel underground. Leaving behind a substantial vacant plot in the middle of the city waiting to be reterritorialized. On one side is the historic city centre and on the other many neighbourhoods with their own identities. The Spoorzone finds itself in between territories; in between old and new, west and east, city and neighbourhoods.
Given the fact that we live in a rapid changing society, the question arises how to develop a substantial plot in the city in a durable way. How to approach a design project on a site that once was a border in between territories ànd is able to keep up with rapid changes that characterize our time. This project proposes a shift in thinking to approach the design as a dynamic process rather than a final image. This research and corresponding design project is about thinking in territories.

The goal of the project is to see architecture as dynamic. The main question therefore reads as follows: ‘How can an architect change its view on architecture from static to dynamic, and become able to trigger a perpetual re-assembling of space, by using territoriality as a working concept?’ The answer to this question will be explored by two ways of working. A theoretical and practical one. The practical part will be examined in the design project.

The research paper is the theoretical part and consist of a literature review in the field of philosophy (focussing on Deleuze and Guattari) and design studies. Concepts as territory and in-between are examined in detail to gain a basic understanding and help the reader to approach architecture from a different angle.
The main finding is that a building can be approached as subject producing. Encounters between the subject and the building are affective and determine what a body can do and what it can undergo. By thinking in territories, it is possible to discover affects and to open up multiple possible outcomes of encounters between subject and physical environment. By being able to see architecture as dynamic, a building can be seen as durable, because of being able to trigger a perpetual re-assembling of use of a space.

The design project proposes a living room for the city that is able to keep up with the rapid changing desires of our time and, additionally bridges the gap two between the different sides of Delft, inviting people to overcome this border. The design is based on a simple structure with set of frames. Variation of this structure are make up the whole building. The frames will affect its users, giving it limits to move in between. However can be can also be affected upon, keeping it open to future activities.

The project is organized along a structure that moves from explaining the tiniest ingredients of a territory to the reassembling in new circumstances. This is done by breaking down, including and excluding, and finally re-assembling the components of a territory. The transition from research to the design will be made by constantly following these steps and evaluating them.

The aim of this exploration is to reinterpretate and revitalise underused areas in the modernist urban fabric of Rotterdam. Since Rotterdam was bombed during the Second World War, a whole new modernist city could arise. The Reconstruction plan can still be seen as a manifesto of modern architecture and urbanism. Main focal points were the separation of functions, space for traffic and the suppression of residential functions. The organization of traffic and the aim of separation of functions are in shaping the plan, with main traffic routes, pedestrian shopping streets, mixed traffic/shopping streets and expedition courtyards and streets. The main traffic routes were executed as boulevards, with separate traffic lanes and wide sidewalks.

In the Reconstruction plan of 1946 by Witteveen’s successor Van Traa, the concept of expedition courtyards have been translated in a purely functional manner. The plan is clearly hierarchically set up with main streets, an alley and an expedition street accessible through an entrance gate. Expedition streets and courtyards form an important part of Rotterdam’s reconstruction city. In the centre of Rotterdam they are found in all sorts of sizes. The expedition streets were once the system for supply of shops and companies, whereas they went through change in use over time and this development of the expedition courtyards has resulted in numerous unused spaces.

The inner city of Rotterdam is on a turning point of becoming a more residential place. Converting underused spaces into defined places. Shaping the public space can be conceived as an important contrast be¬tween the traditional European city and the modern city. In the traditional city, the facades of the buildings define the boundaries of the public space and thus become a series of cavities in the urban fabric. While the public space in the modern city becomes an open space with detached objects, modernist buildings. This design proposes a structure in which the public, semi-public, collective and private spaces are shaped. This structure is related to the surrounding modernist building and creates various places with different degrees of publicness.

The following research questions are formulated:
How could the identity of the Rotterdam perimeter expedition block Sint-Janshof be updated in a sustainable way, fulfilling the current demands of densification and qualitative public space?
What are the spatial and functional characteristic qualities of the Reconstruction period?
What is the identity of the expedition building block and what are the potential values of the identity of the Sint-Janshof?

The hypothesis is formulated that a sustainable reinvention is a critical revision of the architectural typology confronted with contemporary programmes and conditions. This approach guarantees the architectural and urban identity will live through.
This design speculates on the future of the Rotterdam expedition building block. The design proposal engages in a retroactive densification of the inner city. A typological study of the expedition streets as urban artefacts has been made.

Being ill, treatment at health centres causes anxiety and stress with children. This has a negative effect on their wellbeing, healing process and more important, their cognitive, motoric and social development. The goal of this thesis is to describe a set of generic properties for the built environment to reduce this negative effect by stimulating the imagination of children, aged 3 to 6 years. The generic properties are derived from the analyses of spatial elements, present during activities, in which the imagination is active: playing and perceiving art. Through play they develop their motoric, social and cognitive skills, including their imagination. In addition, not all children in healthcare institutions are able to play, therefore also perceiving art is studied. Through observations at different play areas and the (spatial) analyses of these areas, playgrounds (designed by Aldo van Eyck), fantasy worlds of children and different artworks a set of properties is determined; a place which stimulates the imagination must be created by the composition of different elements. In this composition their scale, number, variety and interrelationship are taken into account. Each of these elements can be described by their properties: height & planar differences, contrast, whether they can exists of loose materials, can be manipulated or that they support enclosure. The composition of these elements and the abstraction of their shape creates a framework of information. Certain aspects are visible and other aren’t. This results in the stimulation of the imagination. These results are translated into a design tool and forms the starting point for the design of a treatment and prevention centre for obese or overweight children. Obesity is a problem which has increased the past few years and probably will become bigger. This centre is located in Zuidwijk, Rotterdam. The percentage of children with obesity is higher in this area than in other parts of Rotterdam or The Netherlands. This centre exists of a treatment centre, sport centre and restaurant. The centre doesn’t only focus on the treatment of children, but also on the prevention and the promotion of a healthy life style of the children, their families and the neighbourhood

Scattering and mixing their roles, tools, space and knowledge, letting them interact with the environment, and translating it into a spatial intervention.
This graduation project is about merging together two of my interests and passions and making an architectural project out of it. But also much more than that.
Being involved in Theatre and Architecture as two distinct fields has led me to the point I wanted to merge the them to allow the possibility of fueling each other from different backgrounds and points of view.

The common description of the configuration of stuff in a room, one of order (tidy) and chaos (messy), fails to explain the phenomenon that artifacts create structures around people and activities in a space, with both functional and cognitive properties. This form of organization, that is recognizable on various scale levels, emerges spontaneously in the system, without the conscious intention of ordering. Following the growing insight in different disciplines that a theory of complexity can more adequately describe real-world phenomena than the classical causal-mechanistic model, a theory is proposed in which a third state, one of self-organization, is added to the order-chaos dichotomy. Stuff systems are considered complex systems, whose global patterns and properties unfold in time, generated through local interactions between the parts. When projecting models that describe complex system dynamics on stuff systems, much of what we observe in a house can be explained, such as the rise of order parameters structuring the parts, life cycles of accumulation, growth, restructuring and renewal, and interdependencies across scales.

The problem here, is that the constant reconfiguration of stuff can only be explained through interaction with human beings, but does not solely follow a path of top-down design. A theory is proposed that links the self-organization of stuff to action identification theory. This theory from psychology explores the cognitive construct of the action (“what one thinks one is doing”) as an order parameter filtering incoming information and thus structuring behavior. Action identification and affordance creation act in parallel and can be considered a doubly complex system creating and created by the self-organization of stuff.

Because of the process through which it emerges, this form of order is functionally optimized, cognitively logic and endlessly more complex than could be designed by drawing lines on paper. Architecture is always about order, while this order comes completely for free. The proposal following this theoretical explanation is therefore a house that uses these network-like structures as the organizational pattern of the design, instead of the traditional orthogonal ‘grid’. Three designer tools that are created following the research and a simulation through agent-based modeling in Netlogo are used in the design process to make this possible.

The housing process in dense metropolitan environments experiences difficulties to adapt to the comprehensive needs and wants of the modern household. As a consequence of the increasing flexibility in daily-life, there is a growing diversity in the shape of households and their living patterns. In addition, digital developments enable and create more specific requirements among users for the products they purchase. Knowing the impact that these rapid developments have on consumerism, it is inevitable that users will create stronger preferences for their living environment as well. These tendencies in our society must be translated to its housing. To adapt to such diverse demands would be a difficult challenge for the housing market. Current processes make it labour-intensive and therefore a costly and unsustainable matter. It is of importance that both our existing and future housing is able to respond to these demands in an adaptive and sustainable manner.

A possible solution, responding to the diverse demand, would be to involve the consumers themselves in the development of their dwelling. When involved, consumers can directly shape the dwelling to their needs themselves; customisation. However, current practices make this an undoable matter. The over-complexity in (pre)construction processes and conservative mind-sets of real-estate developers and construction firms hinder any level of participation with the consumer. There is a need for smart processes and designs to involve the user in the realisation of the customised urban dwelling.

In de huidige maatschappij worden producten na hun levensduur als afval gezien. Er wordt met een zodanig hoge snelheid een grote hoeveelheid afval geproduceerd dat dit niet op een natuurlijke manier verwerkt kan worden. Dit resulteert in mogelijke schade voor het milieu en de gezondheid van mensen. Deze situatie vraagt om een nieuwe benadering van bouwen en ontwerpen. Afval moet niet meer beschouwd worden als afval, maar als grondstof. Overal waar afval geproduceerd wordt, liggen kansen voor lokaal hergebruik. Om ervoor te zorgen dat resten niet schadelijk zijn voor de stad, moeten naar nieuwe mogelijkheden gekeken worden om met resten om te gaan. Door te streven naar een circulaire economie kan hergebruik gestimuleerd worden.

Ontwerpers kunnen een belangrijke rol spelen bij een transitie van een lineaire naar een circulaire economie. Nu hergebruik een steeds belangrijkere rol begint te spelen, wordt er gezocht naar mogelijkheden om kringlopen te sluiten en een circulaire economie te stimuleren. Hierbij zijn voornamelijk technische vraagstukken in het geding waarbij het doel is om vraag en aanbod van bijvoorbeeld warmte of elektriciteit op elkaar af te stemmen. Voor ontwerpers komen technische vraagstukken in een ander kader te staan.

De transitie van een lineaire naar een circulaire economie vraagt om nieuwe werkwijzen. Om uiteindelijk een ontwerp te kunnen maken dat gebaseerd is op een circulaire economie wordt in deze scriptie een stappenplan aangedragen. Als onderdeel hiervan is een tool ontwikkeld waarmee reststromen met behulp van een tool in kaart gebracht worden, zodanig dat deze hergebruikt kunnen worden in een ontwerp. Het ontwerp dat voortvloeit uit deze scriptie moet aantonen dat het mogelijk is om een ontwerp te maken dat gebaseerd is op restproducten. Het doel van het ontwerp is om reststromen en -producten van verschillende functies met elkaar in verbinding te brengen, zodat de discrepantie tussen vraag en aanbod opgeheven kan worden. Om bewustwording van de mogelijkheden van hergebruik te stimuleren zal het te ontwerpen gebouw een publieke functie krijgen, die afhankelijk is van het soort resten dat uit de directe omgeving beschikbaar is.

De tool die in deze scriptie is ontworpen dient als hulpmiddel om uiteindelijk ontwerpvoorwaarden te formuleren voor het te ontwerpen gebouw. Vanuit meerdere mogelijkheden die op de locatie geboden worden voor een ontwerp, is de volgende ontwerpopgave geformuleerd:

Het creëren van een tweedehands materialenmarkt waarbij de lokale bevolking de materialen kan gebruiken om eigen initiatieven in de openbare ruimte te ontwikkelen.

Door het aangedragen stappenplan te volgen kon worden aangetoond dat vanuit het stedelijk metabolisme ontwerpvoorwaarden voor een gebouw geformuleerd kunnen worden. Hierbij wordt gebruik gemaakt van restproducten uit de omgeving die anders als afval gezien zouden worden. Voor het te ontwerpen gebouw vormen deze restproducten nieuwe mogelijkheden om de omgeving te verbeteren. Op deze manier dienen de restproducten weer als grondstof en is van afval geen sprake. Door de materialen binnen gesloten kringlopen te houden zal de stad op deze locatie meer functioneren als een natuurlijk ecosysteem. Het beoogde ontwerp maakt van de restproducten iets positiefs waar de omgeving van kan profiteren. Door op meerdere plaatsen in de stad naar synergieën te zoeken, waarmee restproducten een nieuw doel kunnen dienen, kan de hele stad minder afhankelijk worden van import van materiaal.

This graduation project finds its origins in my fascination for cities and its atmospheres, which are endangered by the process called gentrification. Gentrification is the effect in which urban areas are renovated and upgraded causing for lower-income classes to be abandoned towards the outer city. Living in the inner city becomes only affordable for higher income classes who have all the same needs for their living environment causing for the cities to change to these needs and loose their authentic spirit.
Dealing with gentrification is difficult since it’s a process that slowly starts without noticing and ones its there there’s no way back. Therefore for my graduation project I developed a new strategy on how to deal with gentrification. I experimented with this new strategy using architectural design as a tool.
Since the overpopulated inner city of Paris is rapidly changing due to gentrification I focused myself on this location and in particular on the street Rue du Faubourg du Temple. For my strategy it’s important to be ahead of the gentrification process and while visiting Paris I found out that this street still possesses its authentic character.
I immersed into Rue du Faubourg du Temple and used all my observations to create a design that is enhancing and exaggerating the important qualities of the identity of the street, hoping these will resist gentrification in future.

Housing supply in Sub-Saharan Africa is dominated by self-help housing in informal settlements as a consequence of rapid urban population growth in the absence of sufficient formal housing supply, bringing forth sub-standard housing conditions. Government housing strategies have not been able to halt the informal production of housing, as according to UN-Habitat currently in Africa over half of the urban population (61.7%) lives in slums and by 2050, Africa’s urban dwellers are projected to have increased from 400 million to 1.2 billion. This thesis revisits the ideas of John F.C. Turner who in the 1960s argued that successful government housing strategies in this context, depend on the alignment of government action with the priorities and forces of popular settlement. To meaningfully address the insufficient housing quality and urban sprawl resulting from the informal production of housing, the main objective of this thesis is to produce design guidelines on the typology and housing strategy that best addresses the priorities of the main actors in informal settlements; the inhabitants and the government. Therefore the rationale behind the proliferation of the informal construction of housing is first introduced, clarifying the problematic. Then the theoretical background of existing housing strategies of the provider and enabler paradigm are discussed, while deducing from housing strategies the architectural typologies. To connect the strategies in a narrative, the priorities that form the criteria of a evaluation framework are presented. Evaluation of the strategies against this framework results in a decision making tool that schematically portrays the tradeoffs in priorities and the interconnected consequences of the housing strategies. Applying this tool, a case is made for the strategy of assisted informal multi-story housing; negotiating government priorities of reduced urban sprawl and increased housing quality, while allowing for the inhabitants priorities recognised in the informal production of housing. Case studies of prototypes of this housing strategy are undertaken with the aim to specify the benefits of the informal production of housing and identify solutions for an improved housing quality and urban density. The produced set of generic guidelines on the design of a strategy of assisted informal multi-story housing, informs the redesign of the typical Urban Swahili Housing in Dar es Salaam. This redesign provides an alternative scenario for informal urbanisation in Dar es Salaam: increasing housing quality and urban density.

More and more people are moving to cities. The general idea is that there is always something to do and there is always someone to meet with in those cities. The truth is different. A lot of those city dwellers are feeling lonely from time to time. They experience a lack of social contacts and relationships. The increase in loneliness is mainly caused by our individualistic oriented society and the fact that a growing number of singles lives in one-person households. Currently, those singles are living in houses designed for bigger households. Therefore, they are using a bigger amount of space and that is the exact thing cities are lacking.
In order to design dwellings for the future, a new way of living, which should tackle the social and spatial issues cities are coping with, has to be found. This research states that many of the problems could be solved with a more collective way of life.
The design goal is a residential building with the maximum achievable communal
space and only the minimum needed private space for every individual. Thus,
the focus in this living environment lies on the collectively organised activities.
Nevertheless, every individual demands and requires a certain amount of privacy.
This research questions the strict separation between private and collective spaces and activities and gives a better understanding of ‘what’ can be collectivised and what needs to stay private. This will result in architectural guidelines to design ‘a more collective way of life’.

Hoewel met de piek in asielaanvragen in Nederland sinds 2015 is gebleken dat vroege integratie veel voordelen heeft, is de architectuur van Nederlandse asielzoekerscentra daar nog niet op aangepast. In de sociologie zijn veel onderzoeken gedaan naar voorwaarden voor de facilitatie van integratie, maar deze zijn nog nooit toepasbaar gemaakt voor architectuur en architecten. Op basis van een literatuur- en praktijkonderzoek is een toolbox opgesteld voor architecten, met voorwaarden op het gebied van schaal, programma, doelgroep en gebouwkenmerken, waaraan een gebouw moet voldoen om integratie te faciliteren.