The Dutch housing market has become increasingly inaccessible for first-time buyers due to rising prices, stricter mortgage regulations, and the burden of student debt. Since 2015, these structural constraints have intensified, limiting access to affordable housing and forcing young adults to either compromise on quality and location or postpone homeownership altogether.
This thesis investigates the position of first-time buyers within the housing market, analysing how financial constraints, life-course developments, and housing preferences intersect in shaping their residential choices. Akey focus is the potential of transforming vacant buildings, such as offices and schools, into affordable housing. Adaptive reuse is explored as an alternative to new construction to increase supply within existing spatial and infrastructural frameworks. Using a multi-method qualitative approach, combining literature review, urbanisation-level based case studies, and interviews with first-time buyers, this research examines whether building transformations can respond to the needs of this target group. The analysis is structured thematically around life-course experiences, affordability, housing and location preferences, and attitudes towards transformation.

The findings reveal a complex interplay between aspirations and constraints. While transformation projects offer promise, they are often hindered by financial, regulatory, and technical barriers. Moreover, urbanisation-level variation in demand and policy context requires differentiated strategies. The study concludes with action proposals tailored to urban, semi-urban, and rural contexts. These recommendations were validated through an expert panel, which confirmed their practical relevance and highlighted key interventions to bridge the gap between supply and demand.
By focusing on the perspective of first-time buyers, this thesis contributes to a more inclusive approach to housing development in the Netherlands, positioning transformation as a viable strategy in the broader search for housing accessibility.

This thesis investigates how contractual and relational governance elements can improve the performance of Bouwstroom initiatives, which are construction programs aimed at accelerating and reducing the cost of new housing construction through standardized housing concepts, collective procurement, and closer collaboration between housing associations and contracted parties. Traditional project based delivery models often lack the coordination and continuity required to meet these complex challenges, prompting interest in more integrated, programmatic approaches. Using a comparative case study of WoonST 2.0 and NH Bouwstroom, this research analyzes contractual documents and stakeholder interviews through a deductive governance framework. The findings highlight governance practices that influence lead time and cost outcomes, with the most critical being the level of standardization, purchasing and capacity guarantees, and the involvement of municipalities. While the study offers both practical and theoretical contributions to construction governance, its conclusions are limited by the focus on two cases and the evolving nature of these initiatives. The research emphasizes the importance of context specific governance strategies and recommends further research across a broader range of cases and objectives, including innovation and sustainability.

Countries located near the equator, like Indonesia, are more exposed to the risks of rising temperatures, especially in coastal areas. This condition has raised concerns about the effects of climate change, which are increasingly felt in everyday life. In response, various actions have been taken through policy-making, public education, and infrastructure development. These efforts also support the global commitment to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which aim to guide countries toward a more sustainable and climate-resilient future.

Despite this progress, many climate change efforts in Indonesia still focus on large-scale infrastructure or attempts to mitigate the regular natural disasters. Meanwhile, local-scale adaptation, particularly in the area of housing and settlements, has received less attention. This is a critical issue in informal settlements, where residents face greater challenges in dealing with climate impacts. Therefore, more focus is needed on adaptation strategies that consider these vulnerable areas and everyday living conditions.

In this context, collaboration between different actors, such as government institutions, communities, and other organizations, is important. Climate change impacts numerous aspects of life, and solutions necessitate joint efforts from multiple sectors. Working together can help strengthen responses and make adaptation more effective, especially at the scale of neighbourhoods and households where the effects are directly felt.

This research explores how collaborative action can support climate change adaptation in Jakarta’s informal settlements. A qualitative approach is used, including case studies and interviews with involved actors. By applying the collaborative governance framework, the study aims to understand the current implementation of adaptation efforts and identify areas for improvement in future practices.

This study investigated in what way vacant real estate in the Netherlands can be repurposed to meet the housing needs of the growing 65+ population. The study addresses two interrelated societal challenges: the severe housing shortage and the increasing demand for suitable elderly housing, as the number of people aged 65 and older continues to rise while current options for independent senior living remain limited. The research employed qualitative methods, starting with a literature review to outline elderly needs and preferences, and to explore the opportunities and barriers to repurposing real estate. This was followed by case study analysis of two case studies: De Getijden (a former school in Nijmegen) and De Benring (a former care home in Voorst), including semi-structured interviews with real estate experts and vital 65+ residents. The outcome of the study is an assessment framework, embedded in a step-by-step guide, to help evaluate whether vacant buildings can be repurposed to meet elderly housing preferences and needs. The framework was validated by a group of experts during a focus group session. The aim of the research was to develop a framework to help assess the suitability of vacant buildings for elderly housing, which can assist as a conversation tool in effective decision-making for developers, municipalities, architects, contractors, housing associations, and property owners or investors. Ultimately, this research supports the housing market by helping to address the needs of the aging population while stimulating housing flow through adaptive reuse strategies.

The Environment and Planning Act (EPA) places a strong emphasis on citizen and stakeholder participation in area developments. Developers are encouraged, and in some cases required, to organize participation efforts prior to applying for permits or zoning changes. However, due to the EPA’s deliberately flexible framework, many developers face uncertainty in meeting participation expectations. In response, they are exploring and optimizing new methods. One such initiative is Kijk op de Wijk (KodW), a market-based participation tool that leverages digital means. The practical use of digital tools in participation processes remains relatively underexplored, this study investigates the following question: How can developers use Kijk op de Wijk as a Private Organised Participation in area developments under the Environment and Planning Act?
The research adopts a qualitative approach, combining literature and document review with interviews, a case study on the development project The Kaai, and validation through an expert panel. The findings suggest that KodW holds conceptual potential as a POP method, particularly in its ability to reach a wide audience through digital platforms. However, practical challenges persist, including the need for better internal integration and strategic deployment. Aligning expectations among stakeholders and establishing a clear plan that combines both physical and digital tools is essential for successful implementation.
This thesis offers concrete recommendations for enhancing KodW so that it can be more easily integrated into the development process and more closely aligned with EPA requirements. Ultimately, such improvements can make participation more accessible for developers and help shift it from a legal obligation to a valuable standard practice.

This research explores the role of developers in creating social impact within Dutch priority neighborhoods, where socioeconomic challenges such as poverty, unemployment, and inadequate housing compromise the quality of life. It investigates how private entities can align their social ambitions with social impact strategies to enhance livability and address social issues. Employing a qualitative methodology, the study integrates a literature review, multiple-case studies, semi-structured interviews, and an expert panel to develop a comprehensive framework for social impact strategies.

The findings emphasize the importance of collaboration between developers, housing associations, and municipalities in achieving meaningful social outcomes. Case studies from Dreven, Gaarden, Zichten, Van Deysselbuurt, and Van Meekeren neighborhoods illustrate strategies that foster social cohesion, enhance physical environments, and improve community amenities while addressing housing and sustainability challenges. Building safer, more inclusive neighborhoods requires integrated public space and social infrastructure investments, long-term commitment of the developer, and collaboration among stakeholders. Investments in public spaces and social initiatives strengthen communities, while effective relocation management minimizes disruption. Trust-building, resident participation, and collaborative frameworks are key to creating vibrant, resilient neighborhoods with lasting benefits.

Developers bring essential resources and expertise that housing associations and the government often lack, enabling improvements in housing quality and affordability, stimulating local economies, and fostering community cohesion and diversity. Recognizing their role in sustainable urban redevelopment can enhance community well-being and economic sustainability.

Key words – Social impact strategies, Developers, Livability, Priority neighborhoods.

This research provides a framework to evaluate participation processes and their contribution to citizen support for top-ups. The findings have illustrated how participation processes contribute to the support for top-ups by using a context-specific approach, adjusting the level of participation to the needs of both current and future residents, and combining both issue- and action-based activities. Additionally, it presents an overview of key social factors for top-ups, that moderate the influence of the participation process on the support for top-ups.

By acknowledging the social domain in the decision-making of top-ups, it can guide future participation processes to be more inclusive and effective, accelerating the implementation of successful top-ups.

The global housing affordability crisis sees European countries searching for solutions, paving the way for transnational knowledge exchange. The efforts to fulfill this potential within the housing sector and transnationally are, however, unexplored in relation to the affordable housing crisis. The goal of this thesis is to deliver lessons-learned for transdisciplinary and transnational knowledge exchange with specifically affordable housing provision in Europe. A case study will be performed on 'cost rental housing', a current measure to improve housing affordability which benefited from transnational knowledge exchange, in Ireland. Stakeholders are interviewed about practical insights, the barriers and enablers of knowledge exchange, their incentives and the methods used to facilitate it. With insights from
both practice and literature, lessons-learned are established from both the introduction of cost rental housing itself and the transdisciplinary and transnational knowledge exchange efforts.
Combined, the research ultimately delivers seven key lessons for transdisciplinary and transnational knowledge exchange with providing affordable housing in Europe.

This study looks into the variables of stakeholder engagement and the implementation of R-strategies in new housing developments with the goal of identifying motives, difficulties, and opportunities. The study promotes sustainable urbanisation by providing stakeholders with ways to improve circular innovation in housing development and fill knowledge gaps regarding stakeholder engagement in the research field of circular economy. This study employs qualitative analytical techniques, including thematic analysis and software coding, to extract structured insights from interviews with stakeholders in new social housing developments. The methodology centred on identifying common themes and trends in the data and ensuring thorough coverage of all stakeholder views. This study investigates stakeholder interaction during the conceptualization stage of a project, with an emphasis on the application of R-ladder principles. It highlights constructors as critical in enabling collaboration among varied stakeholders, including project developers, environmental consultants, architects, contractors, and municipalities, in order to achieve sustainability goals and manage regulatory difficulties. Social Network Analysis (SNA) gives useful insights into stakeholder interactions, despite limits in capturing human relationships and subjectivity in data collection. Efforts to mitigate biases, such as using the snowball sampling method, address issues like potential sampling bias and limited generalizability. Moving forward, this study proposes stronger stakeholder engagement frameworks and governance structures to increase the adoption of circular economy principles in the built environment while addressing issues like financial limits and regulatory ambiguity.

This research addresses the issue of low social attachment of residents in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the Netherlands. These neighbourhoods face problems, such as high crime rates, poverty, and poor living conditions. Residents in these areas often feel disconnected from their surroundings, which can worsen issues like anonymity, reduced social cohesion and well-being of residents. While community involvement initiatives are widely believed to help increase social attachment, there is limited empirical evidence on which specific initiatives are most effective in achieving this goal. Therefore, the research question is: What can be learned from initiatives focused on community involvement and their effect on social attachment in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in the Netherlands? The study employs a mixed-methods approach, including quantitative data analysis of the social attachment over the years, and qualitative interviews with key stakeholders from Utrecht Overvecht, the disadvantaged neighbourhood that was selected as a case study for this research. Key findings indicate that successful community involvement initiatives do enhance social attachment by fostering social interactions and connections among residents. However, for these initiatives to yield sustainable results, they must be regularly implemented and structurally embedded into the community. Addressing broader social issues, such as poverty and mistrust in government, is essential for residents to move beyond "survival mode" and engage more fully in community activities and participation projects. The research highlights the low trust in governmental organisations in disadvantaged neighbourhoods, and its importance of rebuilding trust between residents and governmental institutions through transparency, genuine engagement, and inclusive processes. Smaller-scale, regularly embedded projects and simultaneous efforts to tackle underlying social issues are critical for fostering strong social attachment, according to the expert interviews. The study concludes that while community involvement can significantly improve social attachment, its success is contingent on a multi-faceted approach that includes structural support and ongoing efforts in addressing broader social issues simultaneously.

This thesis explores the challenges and solutions for integrating circular economy (CE) ambitions into building projects, with a focus on overcoming barriers through effective stakeholder engagement.
The research was motivated by the increasing need for sustainable practices in the construction industry, particularly how to align diverse stakeholder interests with CE goals. The central research question addressed is: How can effective stakeholder engagement strategies overcome barriers to implementing circular economy ambitions in building projects?

The research was conducted using a qualitative research approach, combining case studies, document analysis and interviews with key stakeholders involved with CE ambitions in construction projects (Ma and Hao, 2024); architects, contractors, clients and a material recycling facility. Data was gathered from 9 interviews and analyzed to identify patterns in stakeholder knowledge,
attitudes, and power dynamics related to CE implementation. The stakeholder mapping process included the models of Power-Interest-Attitude (Murray-Webster and Simon, 2006) and Salience (Mitchell et al., 1997) to assess alignment of stakeholders, their engagement levels within the management structure and overall barriers and Critical Success Factors that aided in finding a Stakeholder Engagement Strategy for improvement of CE ambition achievement.

The study revealed that knowledge gaps at project initiation, lack of technical feasibility measurement early on, frequent change in project teams and wavering commitment of these new project teams were considered important barriers that hindered effective implementation of CE ambitions in the Bajeskwartier. Consequently, various Critical Success Factors, such as early alignment of stakeholder knowledge and maintained commitment between stakeholders, are essential for achieving CE goals. Additionally, incorporating other stakeholders such as Investors into
the decision-making process was found to be crucial for overcoming regulatory and financial obstacles, such as the lack of implementing circular business models. Finally, stakeholders with high power and interest, such as clients and contractors, were identified as critical for enforcing CE practices, while architects were considered to have a very high intrinsic motivation for implementing
innovative CE ambitions.

The research concluded that an effective stakeholder engagement strategy involves early alignment of CE ambitions, clear communication of goals and ongoing collaboration between current and future stakeholders, and recurrent checking of ambitions and decision on technical, financial, regulatory and design levels can significantly reduce barriers that hinder effective CE implementation. The findings demonstrate that involving key stakeholders early and fostering a shared understanding of CE objectives and knowledge surrounding this topic leads to better project outcomes and stronger commitment to circular practices. The limitations of this research include the focus on a limited number of stakeholders and the inclusion of only one specific construction project, which greatly limits generalizability. Future research could expand on this by examining similar construction projects, while incorporating new stakeholder groups such as advisors. Finally, various obtained barriers, not found within incorporated literature, were present in alternate literature excluded by this thesis' scope. It is therefore recommended future research highlights their literature research specifically on the topics of leadership, commitment and interests, and the general topics of finance, technical and design barriers and Critical Success Factors.

The Netherlands is dealing with a severe housing crisis due to factors like population growth and a shortage of affordable homes. This has led to soaring housing prices impacting all citizens. Particularly impacted by the consequences of ineffective policies for housing provision are status holders. Due to lack of homes made available for this target group the throughput of refugees with a temporary residency permit out of reception centres stagnates, increasing the pressure on these already overcrowded settlements.
Urgent action is needed, including comprehensive housing policies and increased investment in affordable housing. Therefore the government has introduced flexible housing as a promising solution. These are modular houses placed on temporary plots otherwise unsuitable for permanent housing.
However, studies show that in order to integrate into society, factors such as housing stability, access to social network and future perspective play an important role. This is seemingly difficult to reconcile with the temporary character of flex homes.
This study examines strategies for stakeholders to develop flex homes in a manner that enhances the capabilities of status holders to integrate. By identifying approaches and practices that can optimize partnerships between key stakeholders from both the social and spatial realm and ways to encourage these partnerships. This can be done with financial arrangements such as subsidies. Through a comprehensive literature review, interviews with experts and a case study of three flex housing projects, the partnerships, financial arrangements and capabilities for integration are investigated.
Findings show that early engagement of key stakeholders, interdisciplinary partnerships and financial arrangements that hold these interdisciplinary collaborations as a condition can have a positive impact on the contributing factors of integration for status holders. Primarily because this allows the social partners to exchange their knowledge on social integration at an early stage in the development process, influencing both the design as the long term social management approaches.
This study suggests that the integration capabilities of status holders should be considered at an early stage in the development process. Requiring a contribution from key stakeholders from both the social domain, as the spatial domain, and stimulating mechanisms from the government.

Keywords:
flex housing, integration, status holders, partnership models, financial arrangements

Restrictions from the covid pandemic are lifted. However, the office remains changed, the hybrid way of working seems to stick. Employees want flexibility and choose when to work from home and when they work in the office. The norm of a hybrid work week is working three days in the office and two days from home. Resulting in office space that is not used as much as before the pandemic. Therefore organizations are looking into reducing their office space (Syme, P., 2023).

When considering the reduction of office space, it is also important to consider an organization’s employees. In this research, the focus lies on the impact space reduction might have on the perceived productivity of the employees. The focus on productivity is due to the impact productivity has on the performance of an organization (Aziri, 2011). If office space is reduced and the office therefore has a higher occupancy level, what does this do to the employee productivity? According to research done by Center for People and Buildings (2023), a higher occupancy level in the working environment results in employees being less satisfied with the availability of workplaces. With a higher occupancy, employees are forced to have video meetings in the open workspace, while other employees/colleagues are doing concentration work in the same space at the same time (Center for People and Buildings, 2023). Looking at these uncertainties, the main research question therefore is: ‘How can global pharmaceutical companies reduce their office space in the Netherlands while still maintaining perceived employee productivity?’. The research focuses on global pharmaceutical companies that are reducing their office space. The focus lies on these companies, in order to define the research on a specific branch and due to the timeframe. In order to answer the research question, the research starts with a literature study. After the literature study, a series of case studies including interviews are done on global pharmaceutical companies. These companies have already experienced an office reduction and are planning on implementing a second reduction within the same project or with another project. The case studies provide insight into potential challenges concerning office reduction and maintaining employee productivity. After analyzing the case studies a cross case study analysis has been done. With the insights from the cross case analysis solutions have been found on how global pharmaceutical companies have tried to successfully reduce office space while keeping employee productivity. The research can help organizations with the decision-making on their office use.

Placemaking is currently a popular concept to implement for the revitalisation of urban areas, often connected to achieving various social goals in neighbourhoods. However, while the concept of placemaking has been in use for some decades, still a lot of confusion exists concerning the specifications of placemaking. This thesis analyses how participatory placemaking in public spaces is defined according to scientific studies regarding developed economic regions, to find out if multiple diverging concepts of participatory placemaking co-exist, muddying the term, or if only slight deviations in terminology exist. The research method consists of a semi-systematic literature review to map all the different ways participatory placemaking occurs in recent scientific material. The concepts of placemaking distilled from this literature review are validated by a focus group. With their feedback then being used to reflect on the findings from the literature review and fine-tune them. This resulted in the identification of five placemaking concepts: ‘Humanistic placemaking’, ‘Organic, aggregate over time placemaking’, ‘Creative placemaking’, ‘Strategic placemaking’, and ‘Tourism, economic placemaking’, along with their specific characteristics, that will help clear up future conversations regarding participatory placemaking among professionals. With multiple distinct placemaking concepts having been identified throughout this research, which are quite evenly represented in the literature about placemaking, it is even more clear that actors discussing placemaking together have a high chance of misunderstanding each other.

Global warming's impacts on ecosystems and economies underscore the urgent need for sustainability in the built environment, particularly in the housing sector, which significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and material consumption. The Circular Economy (CE) presents a promising solution by minimizing resource use, environmental impact, and waste through strategies like slowing, narrowing, and closing material loops. This research focuses on developing a Circular Kitchen (CIK) as a model for circular building components. It targets Dutch Housing Associations for their market influence and long-term investments and involves other kitchen supply chain stakeholders.
The study identifies four key research goals: developing a life cycle costing (LCC) method for evaluating circular components, assessing the environmental and economic performance of circular building components, deriving lessons from stakeholder choices, and examining the feasibility of circular kitchens beyond the CIK project. The findings suggest that while the CIK designs outperform standard kitchens environmentally and economically, real-world application remains challenging. Although the CIK did not reach mass implementation, the insights gained inform the development of more feasible circular building components. This research advances the understanding of CE in the built environment, providing strategies to improve the feasibility and environmental performance of circular building components.

Na een lange tijd waarin woningcorporaties door overheidsbeleid zijn beperkt in hun taken met betrekking tot sociale woningbouw, lijkt het belang van de woningcorporaties in het oplossen van het tekort aan middenhuur meer erkend te worden. Dit is te zien aan de recente afschaffing van de verhuurderheffing en de Nationale Prestatieafspraken met daarin inbegrepen de taak voor woningcorporaties om tot 2030 50.000 nieuwe woningen voor middenhuur te bouwen. Maar er is een overwegend tekort aan kennis over hoe woningcorporaties door middel van financiële incentives gestimuleerd kunnen worden voor het realiseren van middenhuur. Daarom wordt met dit onderzoek getracht om de kennis te vergroten over potentiele financiële incentives die woningcorporaties kunnen stimuleren voor het realiseren van middenhuur en de aspecten van de context die daarbij van belang zijn. Dit onderzoek is opgedeeld in twee fases, waarbij in de eerste fase drie potentiele incentives worden geformuleerd die vervolgens worden getest en geëvalueerd in de tweede fase. Het CMO-raamwerk staat centraal in dit proces. Eerst wordt op een bondige manier literatuur over het CMO-raamwerk en de bestaande kennis en onderzoek over middenhuur in Nederlandse context behandeld. Hieruit volgt de formulering van drie potentiele incentives en volgen verwachtingen over de bevindingen uit de interviews. Vervolgens worden de drie incentives voorgelegd door middel van semigestructureerde interviews met vijf woningcorporaties. Dit onderzoek heeft geresulteerd in CMO-overzichten van elk van de drie incentives, en die representeren wat de toegeschreven effecten van de incentives zijn, welke aspecten van context van belang zijn bij de werking van de incentives en welke potentiele consequenties kunnen voortkomen uit de implementatie van de incentives. De evaluatie van de bevindingen aan de hand van de bestaande kennis en onderzoek heeft geleid tot een beeld over in welke mate de bevindingen overeenkomen met de verwachtingen. Ook heeft het geleid tot een aantal aanbevelingen voor vervolgonderzoek. Uiteindelijk zijn er nieuwe inzichten over de incentives ontwikkeld waarbij er uitspraken worden gedaan over soort context waarin de geformuleerde incentives de corporaties beter zouden stimuleren en zullen significante elementen van een potentiele incentive worden gesuggereerd waar rekening mee gehouden kan worden bij het stimuleren van woningcorporaties.

Today’s world is faced with climate emergencies and social disruptions, which means that decreasing negative results and delivering positive impact to the planet and society is necessary to support our future. With a rising demand for strategies that go beyond traditional investing, and the world approaching a new age of sustainable economies, impact measurement frameworks are a key tool in accelerating the transition.

Measuring, reporting and managing social impact is crucial in order to grasp the implications of investments, but data is often fragmented, inconsistent, difficult to find and hard to quantify. In addition, the reporting landscape is becoming increasingly complex as a plethora of overlapping or competing frameworks, indicators and measurement methodologies are emerging. Meanwhile, a sharp common approach as well as greater use of existing frameworks would be more valuable than proliferation of ever more new assessment tools.

This research will seek to understand how social value is defined and measured in the real estate industry. A particular focus will be placed on how integrating social value can strengthen an organisation’s business model while delivering positive societal impact. The research will also propose ways to integrate social value in decision-making processes. In order to do so, two tools - a roadmap and checklist, both deeply rooted in theory and practice findings - will be established.

The municipality of Amsterdam wants to allow the middle segment in the rental sector to grow further in size in the coming years, to better facilitate the housing needs of residents between the social rental sector and the owner-occupied sector. However, it is important to gain a better insight into both the quantitative and qualitative housing demand for housing in that middle segment, to make sure that suitable housing supply can also be realized in this housing segment. To be able to realize suitable housing supply in the middle segment rental sector, it is of importance to know which characteristics of the house and the living environment are more decisive for the housing satisfaction of the tenants. The research methods in this thesis are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative analysis will be done to define the supply and demand in the current housing stock. First the quantitative data will be analyzed by using data from WiMRA (2021), which provides information about the current situation of the middle segment housing, the users and their housing satisfaction. The qualitative research will be done by interviews with tenants of housing provided by housing associations and private actors in Amsterdam and by analyzing the current state of satisfaction of these tenants, to complement the quantitative research. The goal of this research is to create a solution to match supply and demand from both a qualitative and quantitative perspective for midsegment housing and to increase satisfaction of residents of middle segment housing.

Earth’s resources are being depleted which creates a need for a transition towards a circular economy. This transition brings multiple challenges and requires new behaviours. However, in current design practice, the focus lies on products and materials, not on the required circular behaviours.

The goal of this research is to describe the relation between design and circular behaviour. To do so, a flexible analytical framework is created based on a literature study, which can be used to perform an empirical study in any context for any behaviour. The applicability of the framework is tested in this initial exploratory research of which the scope is focused on the circular behaviours of Reuse and Recycle Materials of students living in student housing complexes. The framework is filled in with document analysis on the context and semi-structured interviews with the inhabitants of the cases.

The results show that a design has influence on behaviour. A design can make behaviour impossible by having a negative influence on one or more of the three categories of the COM-B theory. A design can also make a behaviour possible, by changing the categories that are negative into positive. In between the two extremes of possible and impossible there is also the degree of the categories that influence behaviours. Someone could be able to show behaviour, but if it takes too much effort the person can refrain from showing the behaviour. If there is a high degree of capability and opportunity, it can motivate a person to show the behaviour, and likewise a low degree can demotivate. Therefore a design should strive to have a high degree of capability and opportunity for a behaviour that is desired.

However, it must be noted that behaviour is a complex phenomenon with a multitude of factors that influence it, both conscious and unconscious. It is difficult to map all the different factors for every person. Not all factors are related to a design, there are also beliefs and values which have a major influence in behaviour.