This research explored the potential contribution of collaborative housing to a post-growth society through an evaluation of two housing cooperatives in Amsterdam: De Warren and Copekcabana. In reaction to environmental challenges, housing shortages, and increasing inequality, the research has examined how collaborative housing initiatives can support a transition towards a sustainable, equal, and resilient system that favours qualitative growth over quantitative growth. Based on the post-growth theory, degrowth and commons literature, and collaborative housing scholarships, the thesis identified seven post-growth concepts: sustainability, equality, well-being, resilience, reduced consumption, innovative practices, and political and cultural change.
By using a mixed-methods approach consisting of literature review, two case studies (document analysis, observations, and conversations with residents), and expert interviews, the research examines how the seven concepts are implemented in practice within the two cooperatives. The results highlight that the two collaborative housing projects foster post-growth values through shared ownership, collective governance, communal spaces, sustainable construction practices, and reduced individual consumption. Both cases demonstrate how cooperative living can strengthen social cohesion, democratic participation, and ecological awareness while challenging speculative housing market dynamics. At the same time, the study highlights barriers for further implementation related to financing structures, legal complexity, and scalability.
The research concludes that collaborative housing initiatives can function as a practical implementation of post-growth concepts within urban environments. These initiatives provide valuable insights into alternative forms of housing that prioritise collective well-being and ecological limits over economic growth. The research contributes to ongoing debates on sustainable urban development by demonstrating how collaborative housing may support broader socio-ecological transformation in cities.
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This thesis examines how Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) strategies are developed and implemented by private real estate developers in the Netherlands. Although ESG is receiving increasing attention within the built environment sector, limited research exists on why develop-ers adopt ESG strategies, which themes these strategies consist of, how they manifest within urban development projects, and how they are implemented in the organisation. Therefore, this research addresses the following main question: Why and how do private real estate developers implement ESG strategies into their business strategies, and how do these strategies manifest in urban development projects?
The aim of this thesis is to develop a structured understanding of ESG strategy development and implementation among private real estate developers in the Netherlands, focusing on the strate-gic, tactical, and operational levels. The research follows an exploratory mixed-method ap-proach, combining a literature review, survey results, case studies, and an expert panel. Four Dutch real estate developers were analysed through interviews, document analysis, and cross-case comparison.
The findings demonstrate that developers adopt ESG strategies for reasons including market po-sitioning, long-term value creation, employee motivation, external pressure, and improved meas-urability and steerability. At the same time, implementation is hindered by a lack of standardisa-tion, difficulties regarding monitoring and evaluation, internal organisational alignment, stake-holder dependency, and the context-dependent nature of urban development projects.
The research further demonstrates that there is currently no uniform sector-wide interpretation of which ESG themes should be prioritised within real estate development strategies or how these themes should be translated into measurable objectives. ESG implementation within urban de-velopment projects is therefore shaped more by project-specific circumstances and stakeholder dynamics than by fully standardised strategic processes. Ultimately, the findings show that suc-cessful ESG implementation is a cyclical and continuous process which depends on the extent to which ESG becomes structurally embedded within organisational processes and everyday deci-sion-making practices.
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The Netherlands is in the middle of a housing crisis, with a structural shortage of around 226,000 homes to reach the government's 2% target (Gopal et al., 2025). At the same time, 194,500 dwellings are registered as vacant (CBS, 2025). On paper that almost closes the gap, but once vacancy under renovation, demolition, sale or low energy performance is deducted, only around 12,600 homes remain that could realistically be returned to use (Keijzer, 2024). Vacancy mobilisation is therefore a complement to new construction, not a substitute.

This study examines under which conditions vacant homes in the Netherlands can be effectively mobilised and what lessons the Flemish approach offers. The research uses document analysis and nine semi-structured expert interviews. Amsterdam and Ghent are the primary cases, compared through a Most Similar Systems Design (Anckar, 2008). The Hague and Leuven are added as supplementary observations to test whether the findings hold beyond the two primary cities. Policy instruments are evaluated on four dimensions: mobilisation, efficiency, feasibility and goodness of fit (Bemelmans-Videc et al., 1998; Howlett, 2017).

The main finding is that mobilisation works through deterrence. Owners act before sanctions or taxes are actually applied, because the credible prospect of consequences is enough to change behaviour. This pattern appears in the Dutch experimental system (Amsterdam), the Dutch standard system (The Hague) and the Flemish system (Ghent and Leuven), which means the credibility of the system as a whole matters more than the specific instrument chosen. The differences between Amsterdam and Ghent follow mainly from the institutional setting in which the instruments operate, not from local policy choices. All three systems share a blind spot for compassionate and legal vacancy, where the cause lies in inheritance, illness, family conflict or emotional attachment rather than a strategic choice by the owner.

The study links vacancy typologies to instrument typologies through a goodness-of-fit schema. This schema maps which type of instrument theoretically suits which type of vacancy, and it is assessed against municipal practice. The study also argues that the effectiveness of vacancy policy should not be measured only by the number of sanctions imposed, because credible escalation may already induce owners to act before enforcement becomes necessary. This is particularly relevant for the Dutch context, where the Wet Aanpak Leegstand and the municipal vacancy tax will expand the available policy mix.

Although vacancy mobilisation cannot solve the housing crisis by itself, it remains important. Long-term visible vacancy carries a cost that the limited numbers do not capture, and vacancy policy matters because valuable space should not remain unnecessarily unused. ... Read more

The persistent challenges of the Dutch housing market cannot be resolved through new built alone. Transformation is widely proposed as a complementary solution, yet procedural obstacles hinder numerous projects. Appropriate participation has the potential to address these challenges, as it correlates with public support and the risk of conflict during permit procedures. While traditional design shows limitations in incorporating participatory outcomes, parametric design presents potential to address these shortcomings. This research therefore examines under what conditions parametric design could improve participatory quality in project development.

The study employs a mixed-method empirical approach, and the IAP2 spectrum and Arnstein's ladder of participation served as analytical frameworks to conjunctively examine traditional and parametric design-based participation processes in multiple development projects addressing the broader built environment. The findings first and foremost reveal that participatory quality is not reflected by the absence of formal objections alone. Its value lies in residents adding local knowledge and feeling genuinely heard, informed and respected, aspects that can be fostered before a design even exists. The research therefore demonstrates that quality does not primarily depend on the employed design method, but on the initiator to intentionally involve residents meaningfully.

Parametric design however does present itself as the most capable instrument. It enables earlier resident involvement, bridging the gap between technical expertise and emotional experience, and addressing community concerns before fundamental decisions are fixed. This suggests it is not the design method, but the way it is implemented. Intrinsic motivation therefore remains the primary condition for participatory quality, with parametric design as its most constructive tool.
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Collaborative housing offers an engaging alternative to traditional housing models by allowing residents to actively shape their living environment. Over the past decades, we see an increase in top-down initiated collaborative housing projects, initiated by housing associations, municipalities or developers. However, the process of forming a collaborative housing group in a top-down initiated project can be challenging, as individuals who start as strangers must form a group that is capable of making collective decisions without pre-existing relationships. This Master thesis answers the question: ‘Which factors influence the group formation process in top-down collaborative housing projects, and how can these insights inform the development of strategies that foster more successful group formation?’ through a case study of two Dutch projects, using qualitative methods such as archival research, observations at group meetings and semi-structured interviews with individuals involved in the early stages of collaborative housing projects.

The findings show that group formation in top-down collaborative housing projects is a dynamic and iterative process shaped by evolving roles, decision-making practices, co-creation procedures, and the interaction between drivers and barriers. The process is influenced by structural tensions or “contrapositions”, between resident autonomy and institutional responsibility, participation and efficiency, and collective and individual thinking. Successful group formation depends on early establishment of clear frameworks for roles and responsibilities, structured and well-facilitated co-creation, sustained professional commitment, and strong group cohesion.

The findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of group formation in top-down collaborative housing projects and provide practical insights for residents, housing associations and other professionals on how to better support the early development stages of collaborative housing projects. ... Read more

This thesis examines how developers balance stakeholder objectives in private-led participation processes within Dutch urban redevelopment. While private actors are increasingly expected to organise participation, existing literature predominantly focuses on public-led processes and offers limited insight into how to manage diverse participant objectives once conflict arises. Using a qualitative multiple-case study design, the research analyses three contrasting redevelopment projects: BoogieWood, De Kaai, and the Wildemanbuurt. The study investigates how different stakeholders define successful participation, how participatory practices are applied in practice, and which mechanisms enable or constrain the balancing of objectives. The findings show that successful participation is not achieved by balancing objectives alone. Instead, private-led participation must also meet procedural criteria, including clarity about scope and influence, inclusiveness, transparency in decision-making, and continuous feedback. These process-related conditions shape whether participation is perceived as legitimate, particularly when normative objectives are at stake. Substantive balancing occurs through approaches such as integrated design, package deals, mitigation or compensation, and offering a perspective on future gain. The opportunity to combine diverse objectives into shared solutions depends on the available decision space, which is greatest in early project phases and decreases as design and policy constraints become fixed. When decision space is limited, participation is more likely to result in non-decision-making or symbolic outcomes, increasing the importance of process-level and institutional outcomes. The study concludes that developers can achieve successful participation outcomes by embedding substantive balancing strategies within participation processes that support learning, expectation management, and trust-building, while recognising the structural constraints inherent to private-led development. ... Read more

The Netherlands faces a persistent housing shortage alongside strict spatial and environmental constraints, which limit greenfield development and increase pressure on inner-city densification. Vertical extensions, defined as the addition of one or more residential storeys to an existing housing structure, offer a promising form of densification, yet their realisation remains largely incidental. Existing research has focused on technical feasibility and sustainability impacts, while the conditions required for scaling vertical extensions within the housing regime are underexplored. This thesis aims to identify the key conditions for scaling vertical extensions in the Dutch housing system and to translate these into a transition strategy. Scaling is defined here not as the replication of a product, but as the integration of vertical extensions into broader societal and institutional contexts. A qualitative multiple-case study design is employed, examining four pilot municipalities. Data is collected through semi-structured expert interviews and document analysis and a literature review. The analysis combines the Multi-Level Perspective and the X-curve to interpret the transition dynamics of vertical extensions in the Netherlands. Vertical extension pilots are positioned as a series of transition experiments that inform scaling through niche build-up and regime transformation. The findings show that governance, financial and social conditions determine whether vertical extensions can be deployed at scale and are strongly context dependent. By contrast, technical solutions for vertical extensions and industrialised construction are found to be comparatively transferable between cases and do not appear to constitute the primary bottleneck. Key enabling conditions include political leadership, clear municipal coordination, opportunities to combine vertical extensions with renovation and other interventions to realise economies of scale, supportive land and parking policies and cross-organisational learning. Barriers arise from institutional caution, misaligned cost allocation, land-value capture mechanisms and conflicting municipal policy objectives. The thesis develops a transition strategy that sequences interventions along the X-curve, linking niche build-up to regime reconfiguration. The study contributes to transition theory by empirically illustrating how niche dynamics and stakeholder influence evolve, while offering practitioners a phased strategy to scale vertical extensions from incidental to more systemic forms of inner-city densification as a contribution to the national housing shortage. ... Read more

Despite the housing shortage in the Netherlands, one of the possible solutions -the transformations of non-residential buildings into housing- is on the decline (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2025). Even when the office market is oversaturated (Remøy et al. 2024). At the same time the government is looking to housing associations to create the much needed affordable housing, but the housing associations struggle to find new developments (Remøy et al. 2024). Transformations of already existing buildings can be sustainable solution to that problem. Surprisingly there is a research gap on the role of housing associations regarding transformations. There is literature on both housing associations and transformations, but research is lacking on how transformations are seen by housing associations. The literature on transformations is mostly focused on for-profit development. But there are differences between housing associations and other developers. This is mostly reflected in their valuation of projects (Hoomans, 2019).
Therefore, this thesis will focus on the differences in driving values between non-profit and for-profit organisations. This study will use a qualitative research method. The instruments in this research used are interviews and an expert panel. The interviews are used to create an understanding of both the assessment process and the prioritisation of different values regarding transformation projects. The findings of the interviews are cross-analysed to find the overlapping, missing and conflicting driving values between the parties, while the focus group discussion with a heterogeneous group tests the findings of the analysis.
These results give insight in the driving values for transformations by housing associations. From this a conceptual valuation tool is presented for housing associations when considering a transformation project. Further recommendations to policymakers are also made as the driving values can be used for promoting transformations. ... Read more

In response to the growing emphasis on social sustainability in urban redevelopment, this thesis investigates how Dutch developers define and implement strategies concerning affected communities in the built environment. With the recent introduction of the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the associated ESRS S3 standard on affected communities, developers are increasingly expected to disclose the social impacts of their projects. However, translating these abstract and highlevel regulatory principles into practice remains a challenge, particularly in the absence of sector-specific tools.

To address this gap, this research compares and integrates the ESRS S3 standard with the academic framework of Shirazi & Keivani (2018), which results in an adapted framework that combines regulatory expectations with socio-spatial indicators. Experts were interviewed to refine and validate the framework. The adapted framework is then applied to two redevelopment cases, Katendrecht (Rotterdam) and Dreven, Gaarden, Zichten (Den Haag). Through interviews with developers, the study identifies their definitions, strategies and objectives surrounding social sustainability and affected communities. These are mapped onto the adapted framework to assess where they align, diverge or extend its dimensions. Additional interviews with municipal representatives and local community actors further broaden and deepen the understanding of how social sustainability is interpreted and experienced in practice.

Findings show that developers increasingly recognize social sustainability as a multidimensional and collaborative practice, but their approaches remain strongly shaped by system-world logic, such as policy, targets, feasibility and formal participation processes. Local representatives reveal how lived experiences, identity, cultural practices and everyday routines shape the perceived impact of redevelopment, factors that are often underrepresented in formal strategies. The analysis highlights a reoccurring tension between system world requirements and lifeworld realities, underscoring the need for context sensitivity, long-term governance and continuous engagement.

The study concludes by refining the adapted framework and presenting operational tools that enable developers to translate social sustainability principles into concrete, measurable and meaningful practices, contributing to socially responsible reporting and to the creation of meaningful neighbourhoods with measurable social impact. ... Read more

Growing pressure on the Dutch healthcare system underscores the need to address health issues beyond the healthcare sector. Urban development plays an important role shaping healthy behaviour; however, practical guidance for private developers on how to integrate health ambitions in their projects remains scarce. Moreover, while health is inherently user-related, limited knowledge exists on how residents perceive health-promoting qualities in their living environment. This study therefore investigates how private developers can steer towards the realisation of health-promoting urban areas.

A qualitative and iterative research approach was adopted. First, the study reviews literature on health-promoting living environments, private developers and their steering roles and activities within urban development projects. This is followed by a case study approach in the empirical research. Three mixed-use residential projects in Katendrecht, Rotterdam, were examined using document analysis and interviews with professionals and residents. A cross-case analysis informed the development of recommended guidance, which was subsequently validated and refined through an expert panel.

The research identifies a set of indicators grouped into five categories – active, restorative, social, healthy food and facilitating environments – to characterise health-promoting urban areas. It develops a conceptual steering model showing how developers can influence these categories through combinations of soft and hard steering at business and project level. The case studies demonstrate that developers can meaningfully integrate health ambitions when these are established early, embedded within the project concept and budget, and sustained through post-delivery management. However, their capacity to do so is constrained by financial feasibility, legal frameworks, and time pressures.

The study contributes validated recommended guidance that translates these insights into concrete steering activities, offering developers a structured approach to contribute to the realisation of health-promoting urban areas.
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The Dutch housing market has become increasingly inaccessible for first-time buyers due to rising prices, stricter mortgage regulations, and the burden of student debt. Since 2015, these structural constraints have intensified, limiting access to affordable housing and forcing young adults to either compromise on quality and location or postpone homeownership altogether.
This thesis investigates the position of first-time buyers within the housing market, analysing how financial constraints, life-course developments, and housing preferences intersect in shaping their residential choices. Akey focus is the potential of transforming vacant buildings, such as offices and schools, into affordable housing. Adaptive reuse is explored as an alternative to new construction to increase supply within existing spatial and infrastructural frameworks. Using a multi-method qualitative approach, combining literature review, urbanisation-level based case studies, and interviews with first-time buyers, this research examines whether building transformations can respond to the needs of this target group. The analysis is structured thematically around life-course experiences, affordability, housing and location preferences, and attitudes towards transformation.

The findings reveal a complex interplay between aspirations and constraints. While transformation projects offer promise, they are often hindered by financial, regulatory, and technical barriers. Moreover, urbanisation-level variation in demand and policy context requires differentiated strategies. The study concludes with action proposals tailored to urban, semi-urban, and rural contexts. These recommendations were validated through an expert panel, which confirmed their practical relevance and highlighted key interventions to bridge the gap between supply and demand.
By focusing on the perspective of first-time buyers, this thesis contributes to a more inclusive approach to housing development in the Netherlands, positioning transformation as a viable strategy in the broader search for housing accessibility. ... Read more

This thesis investigates how contractual and relational governance elements can improve the performance of Bouwstroom initiatives, which are construction programs aimed at accelerating and reducing the cost of new housing construction through standardized housing concepts, collective procurement, and closer collaboration between housing associations and contracted parties. Traditional project based delivery models often lack the coordination and continuity required to meet these complex challenges, prompting interest in more integrated, programmatic approaches. Using a comparative case study of WoonST 2.0 and NH Bouwstroom, this research analyzes contractual documents and stakeholder interviews through a deductive governance framework. The findings highlight governance practices that influence lead time and cost outcomes, with the most critical being the level of standardization, purchasing and capacity guarantees, and the involvement of municipalities. While the study offers both practical and theoretical contributions to construction governance, its conclusions are limited by the focus on two cases and the evolving nature of these initiatives. The research emphasizes the importance of context specific governance strategies and recommends further research across a broader range of cases and objectives, including innovation and sustainability. ... Read more

This study investigated in what way vacant real estate in the Netherlands can be repurposed to meet the housing needs of the growing 65+ population. The study addresses two interrelated societal challenges: the severe housing shortage and the increasing demand for suitable elderly housing, as the number of people aged 65 and older continues to rise while current options for independent senior living remain limited. The research employed qualitative methods, starting with a literature review to outline elderly needs and preferences, and to explore the opportunities and barriers to repurposing real estate. This was followed by case study analysis of two case studies: De Getijden (a former school in Nijmegen) and De Benring (a former care home in Voorst), including semi-structured interviews with real estate experts and vital 65+ residents. The outcome of the study is an assessment framework, embedded in a step-by-step guide, to help evaluate whether vacant buildings can be repurposed to meet elderly housing preferences and needs. The framework was validated by a group of experts during a focus group session. The aim of the research was to develop a framework to help assess the suitability of vacant buildings for elderly housing, which can assist as a conversation tool in effective decision-making for developers, municipalities, architects, contractors, housing associations, and property owners or investors. Ultimately, this research supports the housing market by helping to address the needs of the aging population while stimulating housing flow through adaptive reuse strategies. ... Read more

Countries located near the equator, like Indonesia, are more exposed to the risks of rising temperatures, especially in coastal areas. This condition has raised concerns about the effects of climate change, which are increasingly felt in everyday life. In response, various actions have been taken through policy-making, public education, and infrastructure development. These efforts also support the global commitment to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which aim to guide countries toward a more sustainable and climate-resilient future.

Despite this progress, many climate change efforts in Indonesia still focus on large-scale infrastructure or attempts to mitigate the regular natural disasters. Meanwhile, local-scale adaptation, particularly in the area of housing and settlements, has received less attention. This is a critical issue in informal settlements, where residents face greater challenges in dealing with climate impacts. Therefore, more focus is needed on adaptation strategies that consider these vulnerable areas and everyday living conditions.

In this context, collaboration between different actors, such as government institutions, communities, and other organizations, is important. Climate change impacts numerous aspects of life, and solutions necessitate joint efforts from multiple sectors. Working together can help strengthen responses and make adaptation more effective, especially at the scale of neighbourhoods and households where the effects are directly felt.

This research explores how collaborative action can support climate change adaptation in Jakarta’s informal settlements. A qualitative approach is used, including case studies and interviews with involved actors. By applying the collaborative governance framework, the study aims to understand the current implementation of adaptation efforts and identify areas for improvement in future practices. ... Read more

The Environment and Planning Act (EPA) places a strong emphasis on citizen and stakeholder participation in area developments. Developers are encouraged, and in some cases required, to organize participation efforts prior to applying for permits or zoning changes. However, due to the EPA’s deliberately flexible framework, many developers face uncertainty in meeting participation expectations. In response, they are exploring and optimizing new methods. One such initiative is Kijk op de Wijk (KodW), a market-based participation tool that leverages digital means. The practical use of digital tools in participation processes remains relatively underexplored, this study investigates the following question: How can developers use Kijk op de Wijk as a Private Organised Participation in area developments under the Environment and Planning Act?
The research adopts a qualitative approach, combining literature and document review with interviews, a case study on the development project The Kaai, and validation through an expert panel. The findings suggest that KodW holds conceptual potential as a POP method, particularly in its ability to reach a wide audience through digital platforms. However, practical challenges persist, including the need for better internal integration and strategic deployment. Aligning expectations among stakeholders and establishing a clear plan that combines both physical and digital tools is essential for successful implementation.
This thesis offers concrete recommendations for enhancing KodW so that it can be more easily integrated into the development process and more closely aligned with EPA requirements. Ultimately, such improvements can make participation more accessible for developers and help shift it from a legal obligation to a valuable standard practice. ... Read more

The Netherlands is currently facing a housing shortage. One of the key challenges in the housing system is the lengthy duration of housing development, which averages around 10 years (Ministerie Volkshuisvesting en Ruimtelijke Ordening, 2023). The most time consuming phase is the planning phase, which averages around 6 years. To address this issue, the concept of parallel planning has been introduced. Parallel planning is a planning method that combines activities along the timeline to shorten the overall duration and introduces a new working method for housing development projects.
However, the applicability of this method has not yet been tested on completed projects. This research aims to evaluate parallel planning by addressing the following research question:
How can parallel planning address delays in housing development to reduce the planning phase?
This question is explored using qualitative methods, including literature analysis, interviews, and two case studies of completed housing projects. The results confirm that parallel planning seeks to reduce the duration of housing development not only by restructuring the timeline but also by mitigating delays through its working method. It primarily addresses internal delays by enhancing coordination among stakeholders and improving the overall efficiency of the planning process. ... Read more

This study explores how the design and use of classroom environments influence the learning experience of secondary school students. Building on existing literature, the research established a framework of four design categories—Essential, Supportive, Aesthetic, and Functional—comprising sixteen design and use elements. Satisfaction, motivation, and productivity were identified as the most suitable indicators, and the empirical analysis showed these dimensions to be strongly interrelated, forming one integrated construct of the student learning experience. The central research question is: How does the design and use of classroom environments influence the learning experience of secondary school students?
Using a mixed-methods approach, two contrasting case studies were analysed through five classroom observations, student surveys (n = 173) and reflective teacher interviews. Results revealed significant correlations between design elements and student experience, with spatial clarity, visual appearance, and emotional support emerging as particularly influential. Conversely, poor environmental quality and limited flexibility and comfort consistently undermined outcomes.
The findings highlight a clear hierarchy: securing baseline essentials of comfort and flexibility is indispensable, while aesthetic and supportive features enrich learning only when these foundations are in place. Classrooms thus act as active determinants—functioning as a “third teacher” that shapes student performance and wellbeing. ... Read more

This research explores the role of developers in creating social impact within Dutch priority neighborhoods, where socioeconomic challenges such as poverty, unemployment, and inadequate housing compromise the quality of life. It investigates how private entities can align their social ambitions with social impact strategies to enhance livability and address social issues. Employing a qualitative methodology, the study integrates a literature review, multiple-case studies, semi-structured interviews, and an expert panel to develop a comprehensive framework for social impact strategies.

The findings emphasize the importance of collaboration between developers, housing associations, and municipalities in achieving meaningful social outcomes. Case studies from Dreven, Gaarden, Zichten, Van Deysselbuurt, and Van Meekeren neighborhoods illustrate strategies that foster social cohesion, enhance physical environments, and improve community amenities while addressing housing and sustainability challenges. Building safer, more inclusive neighborhoods requires integrated public space and social infrastructure investments, long-term commitment of the developer, and collaboration among stakeholders. Investments in public spaces and social initiatives strengthen communities, while effective relocation management minimizes disruption. Trust-building, resident participation, and collaborative frameworks are key to creating vibrant, resilient neighborhoods with lasting benefits.

Developers bring essential resources and expertise that housing associations and the government often lack, enabling improvements in housing quality and affordability, stimulating local economies, and fostering community cohesion and diversity. Recognizing their role in sustainable urban redevelopment can enhance community well-being and economic sustainability.

Key words – Social impact strategies, Developers, Livability, Priority neighborhoods. ... Read more

This research provides a framework to evaluate participation processes and their contribution to citizen support for top-ups. The findings have illustrated how participation processes contribute to the support for top-ups by using a context-specific approach, adjusting the level of participation to the needs of both current and future residents, and combining both issue- and action-based activities. Additionally, it presents an overview of key social factors for top-ups, that moderate the influence of the participation process on the support for top-ups.

By acknowledging the social domain in the decision-making of top-ups, it can guide future participation processes to be more inclusive and effective, accelerating the implementation of successful top-ups. ... Read more