Dow Terneuzen, the second-largest site of Dow Chemical, relies on the ELSTA cogeneration plant to supply electricity and steam to its production facilities while contributing to the Dutch national grid. Ensuring stable operation is critical for safety and reliability. While internal disturbances are managed by existing protections, external grid faults pose challenges for detection and for enabling a controlled transition to islanded operation.
This thesis develops and validates an islanding tripping scheme for Dow Terneuzen. The objectives are to design a protection logic based on frequency and undervoltage detection, establish a load shedding strategy to maintain generator stability during islanding and validate the protection logic using online simulations and hardware testing. A dynamic model of the power system was created in ATP-EMTP, including synchronous machines with governors and excitation systems, transformers, and dynamic loads. Fault scenarios were simulated to assess stability, determine critical clearing times, and validate the protection logic. The protection logic was then programmed into a Siemens 7UM85 relay using DIGSI5 and tested with an Omicron CMC 356+, where COMTRADE signals from simulations were replayed into the relay. Relay responses were analyzed using the Fault Record tool SIGRA and compared with the online simulation results.
The results show how generator dynamics affect stability, confirm the need for rapid load shedding, and highlight challenges in designing a reliable islanding tripping scheme. The comparison between ATP-EMTP simulations and relay tests demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed scheme and provides practical guidance for implementing reliable islanding protection at Dow Terneuzen.

This thesis addresses the development of a real-time distributed optimisation algorithm for bipolar DC microgrids (BDCMGs). Microgrids have growing potential due to their ability to manage controllable devices within a localized grid, and combining this with distributed optimisation can help alleviate grid congestion, an increasingly important challenge in the transition toward resilient and sustainable energy systems. To address the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, an online optimisation approach is adopted. While conventional centralised optimisation methods provide accurate solutions, their reliance on system- wide data aggregation and single-point control limits scalability and real-time responsiveness. This work, therefore, explores distributed optimisation frameworks capable of operating online and accommodating the unique characteristics of bipolar layouts.

Building on the Consensus + Innovation (C+I) framework, the research first develops an offline distributed optimisation algorithm for BDCMGs and validates it against benchmark centralised Optimal Power Flow (OPF) results. This step ensures correctness and provides a reference for subsequent developments. The framework is then extended to real-time operation by integrating droop-based control, allowing the system to maintain feasible operation at each step while gradually approaching the optimal solution. The framework was implemented in Python using the Pandapower data structure. The approach is evaluated through a set of pilot case studies,understanding the system behaviour under diverse scenarios, including operational constraints, asymmetric loading, and economic dispatch. The results demonstrate that the proposed online distributed algorithm can converge toward the centralised OPF solution, confirming its theoretical soundness. Practical aspects, such as convergence speed and gain parameter tuning, frameworks adaptatins also emerge as important considerations, highlighting areas for further refinement before implementation.


The contributions of this work can be summarised as follows:
• Adaptation of the C+I framework to the specific requirements of bipolar DC networks.
• Development and validation of both offline and online distributed optimisation algorithms.
• Extension of the framework to real-time operation using droop-based control.
• Case studies providing insights into dynamic behaviour, scalability, and parameter interactions.
• Initial exploration of systematic approaches for gain parameter design.

In conclusion, this thesis establishes a proof of concept for real-time distributed optimisation in BDCMGs. While demonstrating feasibility and opening promising directions, it also identifies practical considerations for future research, such as adaptive gain tuning, enhanced converter modelling, and validation in larger and more realistic grid settings.

This thesis presents the design of an AC bidirectional charger for automotive applications. Bidirectional charging technology has been introduced in the automobile market for a long time; however, the major reason for its low usage is the impact of this technology on the overall life of the battery pack. Therefore, this thesis proposes designing a power electronics optimized to minimize the impact on the battery life during V2L/V2G operations. To make an automotive AC charger, the ISO 5474-2:2024 standard is referred to get the requirements for this charger during forward power transfer to the battery and reverse power transfer from the battery. Based on these requirements and the input-output charger requirements, a simulation model of a 22kW charger is developed in MATLAB Simulink. This charger consists of a two-stage architecture, the first stage being a three-leg full bridge converter which acts as a power factor correction (PFC) converter during charging operation and an inverter during the discharging operation. The second stage consists of a DAB converter that allows bidirectional power flow while meeting the isolation requirement. To control the power flow during different modes of operation, closed-loop controls are developed for each mode. Depending on the mode of operation, different control loops are selected. The simulation model is run in different scenarios to check if it meets the requirements during all case scenarios, or not. Further, in order to validate the converter design, a 5kW hardware prototype is developed to validate the converter’s functionality and the closed-loop controls developed to meet the user requirements. The hardware prototype includes sizing of the components, designing the PCB, assembling the magnetic components, and integrating with PLECS-RT Box for measurement and control.

On 19 December 2021, a single-line fault during energisation occurred in a grid segment in the Netherlands, which was caused by a defective earther fault that failed to disengage. During the fault, the implemented differential protection scheme failed to operate as intended, resulting in a delayed response of 189 ms.

This thesis aims to clarify the root cause of the malfunction and prevent any similar problems in the future. While the cause of the electrical fault was quickly identified, the reason behind the relay malfunction remained unclear.

The affected network segment was modelled using the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), a tool capable of accurately replicating fault conditions. The RTDS surpasses conventionally used fault playback tools, as it can simulate a wide range of dynamic system behaviours. The protection relay was connected in a Hardware- in-the-Loop (HIL) setup to test its real-time response.

Testing with the RTDS revealed that tuning specific relay settings can effectively prevent the malfunction during future fault events. Nowadays, modern numerical relays offer a wide range of powerful protection functions. The intended behaviour of these functions, along with their impact on the relay’s response, must be carefully considered to prevent malfunctions.

The global energy transition poses significant challenges for urban infrastructure as it necessitates robust sustainable energy systems. In the Staatsliedenbuurt Oost neighbourhood of Hilversum, Netherlands, the grid is experiencing congestion due to a convergence of factors: rising electricity consumption from electric vehicles (EVs) and heat pumps (HPs), and the intermittent nature of local solar generation. This situation complicates the neighborhood's ability to reduce its dependency on fossil fuels. This thesis aims to determine optimal, economically feasible configurations for a multi-carrier energy distribution system for a block in the neighbourhood to meet projected energy demand by 2030, reduce grid dependence, and quantify its CO² emissions reduction potential.
A linear programming (LP) model was developed to minimize the net annual cost (NAC) of the system, optimizing the capacity of solar photovoltaics (PV), battery energy storage systems (BESS), air source heat pumps (ASHPs), and seasonal thermal energy storage (STES). The model utilised 15-minute resolution, simulation data and incorporated scenario-based analysis for varying EV and HP adoption rates, including an ambitious "Net Zero" scenario that eliminates grid import. Block 7 was selected for detailed analysis after an initial optimization across 14 neighbourhood blocks.
For Block 7, under a 50% EV and 50% HP adoption scenario, the optimal configuration included 121.467 kW_p Solar PV, 36.801 kW BESS power, 151.602 kWh BESS energy, 55.782 kW_th ASHP, and 526.053 kWh_th STES. This configuration achieved a NAC of €50,792.02, with grid-related costs forming the largest portion. The system demonstrated a degree of autarky (DoA) of 48.06%, with a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of 0.362 €/kWh and a levelized cost of heat (LCOH) of 0.120 €/kWh_th. Increasing EV and HP adoption generally led to higher unit costs and increased grid reliance, along with a decrease in DoA. The "Net Zero" scenario achieved 100% DoA but at significantly higher costs (€1.857/kWh LCOE, €0.634/kWhth LCOH) and an extremely high PV curtailment rate (PVCR) of 88.97%. Environmentally, the system showed substantial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction potential, saving 32,834 Kg CO² equivalent in the base scenario, which rose to 93,516 kg CO² equivalent in the Net Zero scenario.
This research provides a practical framework for mitigating energy challenges in urban environments, contributing to a more resilient, sustainable, and cost-effective local energy ecosystem. It addresses critical research gaps by offering a holistic techno-economic assessment of total residential energy demand within a specific national context, and by exploring the synergistic integration of diverse energy storage technologies and comprehensive sector coupling.

This thesis presents the design and characterization of a low-temperature plasma reactor for seed treatment applications, with a focus on the generation of ozone. The research will look at two different setups using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) to generate plasma. The first design explores a coaxial tube setup, and the second design entails a multi-hollow plate setup. This research was done in collaboration with TU Delft and the Dutch seed distribution company Bejo Zaden BV, and its main objective was to develop a sustainable and efficient alternative to conventional seed disinfection. The initial tube design used an acrylic tube as the dielectric and two stainless steel electrodes, but this design had some issues so a revised design with smaller dimensions was made to address these issues. The multi-hollow plate design used two steel electrodes with holes (with diameters ranging from $1-2.5mm$) and a dielectric made of polylactic acid. The experimental results showed that both setups work. In order to assess the final design, a program of requirements was made, which included requirements such as sustainability, safety, and scalability. Key findings suggest that the electrode and dielectric materials were not optimal, but were sufficient enough to prove the concepts. This study aims to advance the sustainable agricultural practices by providing an efficient plasma-based seed disinfection method. Future recommendations include optimizing electrode and dielectric materials and scaling the system for industrial use.

A modular approach to high-precision current amplifiers benefits lithography machines by reducing size and increasing efficiency. This research proposes two promising controller structures for a modular topology: a parallel controller structure and a cascaded controller structure. The study evaluates and compares their performance, introduces Delta-Sigma (DS) Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) as a cost-effective alternative, and investigates their limitations in the proposed controller structures. A Feed Forward (FF) strategy is introduced to enhance the frequency response performance of both controllers.
Two methods to increase efficiency, particularly in amplifiers that are using interleaved Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM), are introduced: Phase-Shedding (PS) and Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS). By estimating power losses it is shown that PS increases power efficiency for lower current setpoints, while ZVS increases efficiency for higher current setpoints. The study investigates how these methods impact controller stability and output current performance.
A hardware implementation validates the operation of the two controller structures. Stability issues with the cascaded controller structure become apparent and are resolved by a method that sacrifices bandwidth. Various measurements are conducted, and their results are compared to analytical expectations. The best frequency response is obtained using the parallel controller structure with a complex FF strategy, which gives a magnitude response of -0.3 dB and a phase shift of -3.6° at a 400 Hz setpoint.
When comparing the two controller structures, each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Choosing between the structures should be based on specific application requirements. If the application requires large bandwidth with high stability, the parallel controller should be selected. If the application requires good modularity, low quantization noise, and disturbance rejection performance, the cascaded controller should be selected.

This thesis presents the development of a frequency-dependent model for metal oxide surge arresters (MOSAs) to better understand their behaviour under temporary overvoltages with a high harmonic content. This topic has gained importance due to the increasing use of long AC cables in connecting offshore wind farms to the transmission grid, which introduces a high capacitance to the grid and raises the risk of harmonic resonances. These resonances can lead to sustained temporary overvoltages, making accurate arrester modelling essential for selecting appropriate surge arresters to withstand these conditions.

Surge arresters are critical components for protecting high-voltage equipment from overvoltage events. The main objective of this work was to investigate the response of the arrester under both AC and DC voltages at a variety of frequencies, with particular focus on the low-current region of the characteristic voltage-current (V-I) curve.

To achieve this, High-voltage AC and DC tests were performed on a surge arrester block. The measured data were used to extract the resistive and capacitive components of the current, as well as to calculate the power losses. These results formed the basis for developing a four-branch nonlinear model. Curve-fitting techniques and various algorithms in MATLAB simulations were used to determine the model parameters, which were then validated against the experimental data. The model demonstrated good accuracy for peak voltages up to 9 kV and showed clear frequency-dependent behaviour, particularly in the 50 to 500 Hz range.

Overall, the final model aligned well with the RMS values of total current as well as the average power losses, with only minor deviations from the measured results. This work contributes to improving surge arrester modelling and lays the groundwork for further developments in frequency-dependent modelling within simulation tools such as ATP-EMTP.

With the rapid growth of Agri-photovoltaic (Agri-PV) systems, a spectral analysis that provides high-resolution data becomes necessary. For such a precise application, there is a need for a spectral irradiance sensor. However, for better precision instruments such as spectroradiometers that are available on the market are expensive. So, in light of this information, the thesis aimed to design and simulate a spectral irradiance sensor’s circuit. The goal was to obtain a PCB design for a high-resolution sensor, suitable for Agri-PV and to simulate the designed circuit to confirm the working theory on which the circuit was made. The circuit was designed on ALTIUM designer where the sensing unit and control unit were separated. The sensing unit consisted: photodiodes and amplifier circuits. The control unit consisted of: ADC and a microcontroller (Raspberry Pi) for signal conditioning and analysis. This circuit was then analyzed and validated through PSPICE OrCAD software. The designed PCB of the Sensing unit contains six photodiodes, which increases the resolution of the spectral sensor. These photodiodes could help in collecting data for a narrow wavelength band (say, approx 10nm width) with the help of bandpass filters. As the PCB was designed while keeping in mind the previous casing’s dimensions of the available PVMD sensor (so the new PCB design can fit on it). Hence, this study finds that it is possible to design a cost-effective spectral sensor circuit that is suitable for Agri-PV applications.

This thesis investigates switching transients in a test system comprised of a single-core underground cable, vacuum circuit breaker, and (Y-Y) star transformer. This work presents six scenarios in which test systems are connected to the transformer in different load scenarios such as no-load, medium and high loads, low and high capacitance, and a combined impedance-capacitance case. Monte Carlo simulations have been employed to introduce random variability into the parameters of vacuum circuit breaker(VCB) to enable probabilistic analysis of extreme transients. Using EMTP and MATLAB software, the study confirms how probabilistic transient analysis can be utilized to improve power system reliability and design protective switchgear.

Cascading failures in power networks pose a significant threat, capable of escalating from isolated line outages to extensive blackouts with severe economic and societal impacts. The topic presents a probabilistic framework designed to assess and compute the risk of cascading failures within the power network and rank various cascade contingencies, utilizing the IEEE39 bus 10-machine New England Power System. Using DigSILENT PowerFactory, a detailed contingency analysis was conducted, focusing on line loading conditions following faults as a starting point. This approach operates under the foundational assumption that cascading failures can be effectively modelled through the sequential analysis of line contingencies. Central to this framework is assessing topological vulnerabilities in the grid and determining frequently occurring outage patterns called probabilistic contingency motifs (PCMs). By analyzing the characteristics of the grid, an impact metric is proposed using short-circuit analysis, electrical distance and LODFs for the identified cascade contingency. The outage probabilities and the proposed impacts are used to compute the risks of cascade cases.

After ranking based on their associated risks, high-risk contingencies are dynamically simulated through time-domain simulations to assess dynamic security. This simulation approach validates the model's predictions and ensures that ranked contingencies reflect realistic cascades. Use cases can show that the model will enable Transmission System Operators (TSOs) to implement preventive measures and simulate corrective actions effectively. By systematically identifying and incorporating PCMs and leveraging grid topology, the model estimates the likelihood and impact of cascading events and delivers actionable insights for improving power system robustness. Future work will expand the framework’s scalability to larger and more complex networks and integrate real-time data streams to facilitate dynamic risk assessment and proactive mitigation strategies.

This thesis assesses the technical feasibility of converting the Benelux Tunnel’s distribution into a radial medium-voltage (MV) alternating current (AC) system interconnected by a direct current (DC) link. This link directly accommodates on-site photovoltaic (PV) generation and a battery energy storage system (BESS). Design targets are defined with Witteveen + Bos (W+B), with emphasis on reliability and stability. The study develops a modeling framework that couples high-resolution demand and resource analysis with a mixed-integer optimization for PV–BESS sizing. Network studies evaluate, voltage regulation, and dynamic behavior of the alternating current–direct current (AC–DC) architecture. PV and BESS is directly connected to the DC Bus. Scenario results indicate the new configuration will maintain stable frequency, voltage, and current levels within specified limits. Sensitivity analyses reveal trade-offs among storage capacity, PV penetration, and resilience under maintenance and contingency conditions. The findings support the possibility of migrating to a radial MV AC system with a DC interlink for the Benelux Tunnel.

The pressing need to mitigate global warming and transition to sustainable energy solutions has accelerated the development of innovative energy systems. This thesis investigates the sizing and design of a photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system integrated with aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) within a fifth-generation district heating network (5GDHN) for a case study in the Werfgebied district in Hilversum, Netherlands. The study focuses on the configuration, storage distribution, and optimisation of component sizing within the district heating network to minimise overall electrical power usage, thus reducing grid dependency and CO2 emissions. A Python model of the multi-energy carrier system is developed, embedding the physical principles underlying the thermal and electrical properties of the components. The research finds that an optimal configuration for the ATES and PVT combination involves a single ATES well rather than distributed thermal energy storage. The results indicate that the size of the aquifer significantly affects the overall operating temperature and its fluctuations. A larger ATES maintains a stable but relatively colder temperature. Optimal sizing is achieved at the maximum allowed operating temperatures of an ATES in these areas, resulting in the most favorable temperature for maximum COP in the heat pumps. This minimises grid exchange and CO2 emissions. The optimal ATES size is determined to be 380,000 m3, in combination with 800 PVT modules, leading to a total CO2 equivalent emission of 856 tonnes.

As the global community seeks to improve current energy technologies for a sustainable future, offshore PV systems show great potential to overcome the land use limitations of traditional PV systems. There is a complex interaction between different environmental forces at sea with the PV structure. Empirical studies on these environmental interactions can provide critical insights to optimize the design of offshore PV systems. This thesis has identified a gap in wind loading studies on offshore PV designs. The primary objective of this research is to develop a methodological approach for studying the wind-induced tilt variations in floating PV (FPV) systems, with the intent of informing future PV performance assessment frameworks. A numerical modelling approach using the CFD tool ANSYS Fluent is adopted as the base methodology. The first phase of the study employs single-phase wind tunnel models in 2D and 3D to study flow behaviour over the required geometry. The models are validated against literature and used as the basis to construct a multi-phase model to simulate wind flow over a floating body and how it moves in response to the water surface.

The model is used to perform sensitivity studies on wind speed, module orientation, module tilt, and floater height. The simulation results indicate that tilt variations induced by wind flow are minimal, under 5◦, for still water conditions. In addition, it also suggests an increase in wind velocity increases the non-linearity in the rotational response of the body, changes in the direction of rotation depending on the speed of the flow and tilt of the module, and a sharp increase in rotation with an increase in floater height. The highest rotational response of 4.07◦(anticlockwise) was observed for a design tilt of 24◦ and a wind speed of 40 m/s.

Based on the simulation results, a PV yield assessment is done, and it is found that the inclusion of tilt effects changes the yield by less than 0.5%. Given the high computational cost involved, a numerical approach for wind load evaluation is not justified in terms of yield variation. For future work, it is recommended to first conduct experimental studies to verify the effects of wind loading on different FPV system designs. This could be supplemented with numerical approaches in the future using high-performance computational resources.

This master’s thesis investigates the design, challenges, and protection mechanisms of electrical power distribution systems on ships with a particular emphasis on DC distribution systems. A key focus is on the challenges of DC systems, including protection difficulties and unique characteristics, as well as their environmental benefits and contribution to sustainability. The thesis dedicates a significant portion to the technical analysis of short-circuit currents in DC grids, offering methodologies for their calculation and protection devices like fuses and circuit breakers. Relevant standards such as IEC 61660 and IEC 60269-1 ground these discussions, ensuring their practical relevance. The thesis includes a detailed simulation model of the DC grid of a vessel, developed using MATLAB-Simulink. The simulation analyses several scenarios, including short circuits and different operational modes, by examining crucial system components such as generators, IGBTs, batteries, drives, and link capacitors. The simulations  showcase the efficacy of protective measures by examining the performance of fuses and circuit breakers in different scenarios. The simulation results of the DC grid's performance under different short circuit scenarios, with and without protective measures, provide valuable information for optimising these systems for maritime applications. The thesis concludes with an improved Simulink model incorporating enhanced battery protection, demonstrating the potential for increased safety and reliability in shipboard DC power distribution systems.

The increasing expansion of the electrical network accentuates the need for a better understanding of the quality of the existing infrastructure. Assessing the quality of the individual cables becomes instrumental in prioritizing replacements and grid reinforcements within the network. A critical evaluation of insulation quality in paper insulated lead covered cables is important to ensure a robust electricity grid. Moisture plays a key role in the degradation of the paper insulation. In this thesis a novel microcontroller based near-infrared spectroscopy system design is proposed which is able to measure the moisture content of paper insulated lead covered cable insulation with a theoretical accuracy of about ±1% moisture content, while being cost effective and portable. It achieves this accuracy by making use of an outlier detection algorithm which is able to increase the accuracy of the system from ±3% to ±1%, by removing outliers of individual sensors and averaging the results of multiple measurements. The resulting output of the algorithm is linked to the asset number of the paper insulated lead covered cable under test, and uploaded to the cloud to enable further data analysis. The proposed near-infrared spectroscopy system performs measurements on one particular absorption band of water; the absorption band around 1450 nm. Due to the influences of stray light, a design of a paper insulation sample holder is proposed. This sample holder is customized to the used components in the design and fixes the samples in place, which limits measurement inconsistencies. A testing procedure is proposed to link the sensor output to the moisture content of the paper insulation sample. A linear relation is found between the sensor output and the moisture content of the paper insulation samples at a moisture content of 0% to 20%.

Voltage source converters (VSCs), particularly modular multilevel converters (MMCs), play a pivotal role in modern power grids due to their application in interconnected systems and renewable energy integration. However, their complex internal dynamics and control systems can cause stability issues under a variety of operating conditions. Impedance-based stability analysis is critical for understanding these interactions and ensuring grid reliability. Traditional small-signal models based on physics and circuit analysis often neglect nonlinearities and practical implementation details, limiting their accuracy. In contrast, black-box impedance measurement techniques necessitate significant computational resources and human effort, particularly when analysing both AC and DC side impedances.

This thesis presents a transfer learning framework for accurate impedance characterization of MMCs. The framework uses a combination of linear time-invariant (LTI) modeling and black-box impedance measurements to estimate impedances based on system-level parameters such as AC and DC side voltages, active power, and reactive power. The methodology involves pre-training artificial neural network (ANN) models on a diverse dataset derived from LTI models, followed by fine-tuning with real-time electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations. Unlike traditional approaches, which use a single ANN model across the entire frequency range, this study discusses the use of multiple smaller ANN models tailored to specific frequency ranges and operating points, which improves prediction accuracy.

The effectiveness of the proposed transfer learning framework is demonstrated with a practical MMC converter from the CIGRE B4 DC grid test system. The results show that impedance estimation outperforms traditional ANN methods even in scenarios involving confidential converter parameters. This approach allows for precise impedance characterization while reducing computational complexity and data requirements.

Multilevel inverters are widely used in industries for higher power applications due to low harmonic pollution and high efficiency. On the other hand, the phase-shift switching technique is well-known for its harmonic mitigation performance. However, phase-shift switching has not been regularly implemented on multilevel inverters due to complexity at a higher number of levels and difficulty in voltage balancing of the auxiliary capacitors in the configuration. In this project, the five-level Packed U-Cell inverter (PUC5) will be investigated to design and implement a phase-shift switching technique with an integrated voltage balancing algorithm. The developed technique will be implemented on the real-time simulator and hardware setup.

A literature review will be done on phase-shift switching algorithms and multilevel inverters. Afterward, a phase-shift switching algorithm with an integrated voltage balancing technique will be developed for the PUC5 inverter and simulated in Simulink. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) will be done using Opal-RT devices.

Drones -- small (or not so small) remotely controlled flying devices -- are seeing rapidly increasing use in many fields of application and human activities ranging from recreation, competitive sports, last-mile logistics, espionage, exploration, to media production, and even warfare. The abundance of these devices brings with it the risk of them becoming an audible nuisance due to the high pitched noise produced by their surface-mount (SM) PMSMs.
The acoustic noise produced in these motors is the product of multiple factors, but chief among them is the vibration of the motor's external shell, which is the stator for internal rotor type motors and the rotor for external rotor type. This shell vibrates in various oscillation modes as a result of the magnetic forces acting on it, which are an inevitable result of the motor's internal magnetic field and the armature currents that produce them.
This motivates research effort into reducing this noise through modulation or control strategies employed by the inverter powering the motor. In order to develop a control model, first the motor itself must be understood. In this thesis, the electromagnetic aspect of surface-mount-PMSMs will be developed, i.e. an analytical model will be established of the air gap magnetic field in SM-PMSMs.
First, the armature reaction field for arbitrary winding types will be derived, followed by a detailed derivation of equations typically used to model the rotor magnets in SM-PMSMs. A derivation of the effect of stator slotting on the air gap magnetc field will be provided, and concluded with a combination of the three previously mentioned aspects, and the dimension of time will be incorporated in the model.
Accompanying this thesis will be a set of MATLAB code that will be made publicly available for research and instruction in academia.